Originally posted by Johann Hari: Don't rejoice over 'Brokeback Mountain' just yet+--> (Johann Hari: Don't rejoice over 'Brokeback Mountain' just yet)For Hollywood, there are two types of Acceptable Gays: limp-wristed queens and tragic heroes
After millennia of persecution and decades of civil rights struggles, gays have finally clambered to the top of the Hollywood Hills. The message from the Homintern is clear: rejoice, rejoice! But - wait - what is the reason for this glee? This week, a movie is released - Brokeback Mountain - that depicts us as pitiful self-hating victims, doomed to loneliness and despair. Victory?
Ang Lee's Brokeback has been hailed as Hollywood's coming-out-of-age, the film that finally shows gay people have been accepted into the American mainstream. And it is indeed a film almost as beautiful as its lead actors, Jake Gyllenhall and Heath Ledger. They play a pair of ranchers who meet and fall in love, but are so pickled in rural homophobia that even as they have impressively athletic anal sex, they mutter, "I'm not a fag." Although Heath begs Jake to settle down (and who wouldn't?), it is never an option. They are doomed. As Annie Proulx summarises their situation in the original short story, "Nothing ended, nothing begun, nothing resolved."
The film is tender and sensitive and (most important) tragic. And that's why, far from being a radical break, it actually fits into a long pattern of Hollywood's very constrained acceptance of gay people. The rules are simple, and stretch back to the first backlot MGM ever built. There are two types of Acceptable Gay Man: you can be a sexless sissy who is fairly happy with his female friends and waspish one-liners, or you can be masculine and actually have a sex drive - in which case you will die.
Let's look at the sissies first, because one of the reasons Brokeback seems like an advance is in contrast to this other, more high-pitched Hollywood tradition. When DW Griffith was making his first movie in 1913 - the Biblical epic Judith of Bethulia - he faced a dilemma. One of the characters was a eunuch, but nobody knew how eunuchs behaved - so Griffith decided to make him act like a "pansy" gay man, with bent wrists and wiggling hips. The audience found it hilarious.
Without realising it, Griffith set the pattern for how gay men would be depicted right up until the present: as licensed court-jesters, whose homosexuality consists solely of comic mannerisms, rather than (whisper it) sexual attraction to men.
Even in films made by people who imagine they are pro-gay, this is still - in the Noughties - the most popular way of depicting gay men. Look at Mean Girls, the terrific 2004 high school movie that was congratulated by much of the gay press for having a sympathetic gay supporting character, Damien. He is described as "too gay to function", which means he is an expert on lip gloss, is nice to women, and has a barbed wit.
He never mentions being attracted to men - not once. In the final scene, when all the movie's characters are pairing off, he is left dancing alone, and it's not meant to be sad. Damien - and the majority of Hollywood's gay characters, even today - could have walked out straight of DW Griffith's harem of eunuchs.
Compared to this army of asexual queens, the square-jawed Marlboro Men of Brokeback Mountain are a step (in a well-heeled cowboy boot) forward. But they are firmly rooted in an alternative Hollywood tradition: if you don't want to be limp-wristed, you can be tragic instead.
This school of Hollywood gays was founded in 1970, on the set of The Boys in the Band. Written just before the Stonewall riots, it now seems like a strange time-capsule from the closet, the story of a group of depressed, self-loathing gay New Yorkers who gather to celebrate their friend Harold's birthday. They spend the night fetishising Judy Garland and wistfully muttering lines like, "If we can only learn to stop hating ourselves ..." The school motto emerges when one character, Michael, says, "You show me a happy homosexual and I'll show you a gay corpse."
That line would fit perfectly into Jake Gyllenhall's mouth in Brokeback. There is an unspoken, unconscious equation in Hollywood: gay lust leads to misery and probable death. Look at the first achingly hip films to hint at gay love: in Rebel Without a Cause, Sal Mineo is clearly in love with James Dean - and he is gunned down by the final reel.
The first "gay" movie to be showered with Oscars, Philadelphia, shows its central character wasting away throughout the film. Brokeback belongs to an old, old pattern.
Most of the time, I'm sure these rules are unconscious, simply gut feelings about what audiences are prepared to take. But occasionally film and TV writers openly admit that they are unwilling to push their gay characters beyond these settled boundaries because they are scared of a homophobic backlash.
The co-creator of the sitcom Will and Grace, Max Mutchnick, was asked recently why the gay central character has gone through eight seasons without even the hint of a boyfriend. He said, "I'd rather keep a show like Will and Grace on the air than put Will in a relationship where he's going to be expressing himself physically and turn off a large part of the audience."
Since Will can't be tragic - this is Sitcom-Land - he has to be chaste. It's the rules. We wouldn't want to upset viewers by hinting that our gay characters actually have a gay sex drive, would we?
This might all seem trivial, but as the great gay novelist Armistead Maupin says, "For many young gay men and women, the subliminal message [from the movies] is that being gay means despair, self-destruction and death." Sure, Brokeback takes us inches forward by being far more graphic than its tragic predecessors: it can only be a good thing for teenagers in mini-malls in Kansas to see undoubtedly cool men making out, even if it ends in misery. And if the film was part of a balanced diet of gay movies - some ending happily, some badly - I would champion it with a megaphone for its stunning direction, script and acting. But it's not. Brokeback-style tragedies are all young gay people have as a cinematic picture of their future, apart from the Damiens and Wills.
But - out here in the real world - changes are happening that will force themselves onto the big screen sooner or later. The chronic instability of the closet - the world of Boys in the Band - is being replaced, in Europe at least, with social acceptance, embodied in the beautiful burst of civil partnerships we have seen over the past month. These de facto marriages are creating a world where it is considered normal for gay people to settle down and stay together - a world beyond Brokeback.
So if you want an cinematic excuse for a party, wait until you finally see a Hollywood movie where the boy gets the boy and they live happily ever after.
The Independent - 03/01/2006[/b]