In socialism, there will be no government, that is, the administrative organs of the socialist society will not govern over people but administer things and direct the process of production. The public authorities in socialism, to shamelessly plagiarise myself from an earlier thread, will be more like the power company (if it acted on behalf of the entire society instead of a small group of capitalists) than a state bureaucracy. This public power would presumably be centralised to an extreme degree as the global flow of goods, services and people makes society-wide planning unavoidable.
But we can't clap our hands and change the present society into a socialist one. There needs to be a period of transition corresponding to the rule of the proletariat as a class. Here, as Trotsky put it, the state is like the flame that burns brightest before it goes out. The proletarian state would be an extremely interventionist one when it comes to the historic tasks of the proletariat - safeguarding the revolution, socialising the economy, smashing whiteguards etc. I don't "advocate" this, any more than I "advocate" that people fall down if they walk off a cliff. Shooting people and so on is an unpleasant business - but it has to be done.
Again, the answer to this depends on whether we're talking about socialism or the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat. In the former, there are no taxes, there is no money, and there are no "social programs" as they are generally understood. In the latter, who knows? Economic circumstances differ from region to region, and change in time - to predict something as specific as the tax rate would be the height of folly.
Again, it depends... in socialism, there would be no organ that could restrict speech, although, the ideas of every epoch depending on the material basis of society, much of what is objectionable about speech today would no longer exist or have any relevance. That one bitter old dude shouting homophobic abuse would be entirely powerless, and people would probably just avoid him.
In the D.o.t.P., of course, the rule is as in any civil war - if you undermine morale or call for support for the reactionaries and interventionists, you might find yourself shot.
The one about diaspora voting, the one about marriage...
Oh wait, you were talking about the US constitution, weren't you? Generally we "disagree with" the entirety of the constitution as it enshrines the right to private property. The Second Amendment isn't half bad, but its original intention was to have an armed force of petty property owners, whereas we socialists advocate a general militia of armed workers.
Mosquitoes in Miami. Sure, the US is an imperialist capitalist superpower, but have you ever been to Miami? I have. I'm not planning on going back.
I mean, the problem is always the same - capitalism - whether we're talking about the US or Botswana.
"Cause" is one of those words that people think are unambiguous but are in fact ambiguous as hell. Ultimately, most murder can be traced to capitalism, from the "crimes of passion" arising from poverty and insecurity to King Leopold's bloody rule in the Congo. Immediate causes differ, of course. I don't know if more people were killed by racists instigated by the ruling class than were burned with napalm and died in the concentration camps in Indochina and elsewhere. It doesn't really matter.
What central government? That of the bourgeoisie? We want to relegate it to Hell. Or the one of the proletarian dictatorship? That's like asking us if we should put the noose around our necks and jump.
See above.
The family will disappear in socialism - not because it has been "disbanded" but because the material conditions have changed and the family is no longer necessary. Housework will be socialised, as will the raising of children, women will have full control over their sexuality and reproductive capacities, including free abortion on demand at any point of the pregnancy, the oppression of all those whose lives are incompatible with the bourgeois family and its rigid gender roles, particularly homosexuals and transsexuals, will be abolished - thus the family will be destroyed without a single ordinance specifically targeting it.