Interactive content table + references

  1. Q
    Q
    This is based on my personal content table. Chapters and references are linked to the respective discussion where applicable:

    Contents

    Introduction (page 1)
    The shadow of bureaucratic 'socialism' (page 3)
    Half-rethinking (page 5)
    This book (page 7)
    ‘[FONT=Verdana, sans-serif]Marxism’ as a political platform (page 11)[/FONT]
    [FONT=Verdana, sans-serif]The state and the nation (page 11)[/FONT]
    [FONT=Verdana, sans-serif]Class (page 12)[/FONT]
    [FONT=Verdana, sans-serif]Party (page 13)[/FONT]
    [FONT=Verdana, sans-serif]State and nation (page 14)[/FONT]
    [FONT=Verdana, sans-serif]'Unity is strength' (page 15)[/FONT]
    The right: reform v 'utopianism' (page 16)
    The right's positive claim (page 17)
    The right's negative claim (page 18)
    The left: 'All out for...' (page 19)
    The left's negative claim (page 19)
    The left's positive claim (page 20)
    All power to the soviets? (page 21)
    Present relevance (page 22)
    Organisation (page 23)
    Self-emancipation of the majority (page 23)
    Patience (page 24)
    The state (page 25)
    Theory (page 26)
    The nation-state (page 27)
    Dualectic (page 29)
    Strategic alternatives (page 29)
    War and betrayal (page 30)
    Peace and unity or civil war and split? (page 30)
    The 21 conditions (page 31)
    Hal Draper (Page 31)
    Limits of defeatism (page 32)
    Terminal phase (page 33)
    State, war and revolution (page 34)
    Preparing for defeatism (page 35)
    Defeatism and the Trotskyists (page 35)
    Chapter 5: Communist strategy and the party form (page 38)
    Sectarian? (page 38)
    Splitting as a strategy (page 39)
    False… (page 39)
    and partly true (page 40)
    A party of a new type (page 41)
    The vanguard party (page 42)
    The party of activists (page 42)
    Centralism (page 43)
    What sort of party? (page 44)
    Chapter 6: Unity in diversity (page 45)
    British Labour (page 45)
    The united front turn (page 46)
    Abandonment (page 48)
    The problem of unity (page 49)
    Unity in diversity (page 49)
    Bureaucratic centralism versus the united front (page 50)
    Trotskyists and the united front (page 51)
    Chapter 7: The 'workers' government slogan (page 52)
    All power to the soviets? (page 53)
    All power to the Communist Party? (page 53)
    Party-states everywhere (page 54)
    The united front and the workers' government (page 55)
    The minimum platform (page 56)
    An empty slogan (page 57)
    Misunderstandings (page 58)
    Political platform (page 59)
    Fight for an opposition (page 59)
    Chapter 8: Political consciousness and international unity (page 60)
    An international of symbols (page 62)
    Strategic problem page 62)
    The importance of symbolic unity (page 64)
    The Russian question (page 64)
    Comintern and the Trotskyists (page 65)
    Back to separate national revolutions (page 66)
    'Do what the Russians did' (page 66)
    The 'general staff of world revolution' (page 67)
    Trotsky's call for the Fourth International (page 69)
    Cominternism (page 69)
    Bureaucratic centralism (page 70)
    Two, three, many internationals (page 70)
    Fight for an international (page 71)
    Chapter 9: Republican democracy and revolutionary patience (page 72)
    Mass-strike strategy (page 72)
    Kautskyism (page 73)
    Cominternism (page 74)
    Strategy (page 74)
    Party (page 76)
    International (page 76)
    What is not said (page 77)
    'Reform or revolution' (page 77)
    Fight for an opposition (page 78)
    Patience (page 79)
    NOTES (page 79)


    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]NOTES[/FONT]


    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]1[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif] “To stem Iraqi violence, US aims to create jobs”, [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Washington Post [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]December 12 2006, [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, serif]www.washingtonpost.com/[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/11/AR2006121101318.html.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]2 See Daniel Kertzer, Unholy war (2003) and my review ‘The politics of purity’ Weekly Worker July 22 2004, www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/538/purity.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]3 Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba, ‘Report to the president’, July 10 2006, www.cafc.gov/cafc/rpt/2006/68097.htm; signed off by co-chairs secretary of state Condoleeza Rice and secretary of commerce (and Cuban emigre) Carlos Gutierrez. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]4 Comrade Clark’s letter to the Weekly Worker on this issue was partially cut, with the cut material appearing in a further letter which charged us with “expurgating” the original: the full text can be found at www.oneparty.co.uk/ under ‘what’s new’. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]5 “What I should have said is: ‘A workers’ state is an abstraction. What we actually have is a workers’ state, with this peculiarity, firstly, that it is not the working class but the peasant population that predominates in the country, and, secondly, that it is a workers’ state with bureaucratic distortions.’” ‘The party crisis’ (January 1921) CW Vol 32, p48. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]6 Destroyed majority support for the Bolshevik government: Brovkin, ‘The Mensheviks’ Political Comeback’ 42 Russian Review 1 (1983); Rosenberg, ‘Russian Labor and Bolshevik Power after October’ 44 Slavic Review 213 (1985), with Brovkin’s critique at id. 244 and Lewin’s at id. 239; Sakwa, ‘The Commune State in Moscow in 1918’ 46 Slavic Review 429 (1987). Consequences in Germany: Luxemburg, ‘The Russian Tragedy’ (Sept 1918) www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1918/09/11.htm, and The Russian Revolution, ch 3. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]7 Eg Hillel Ticktin, letter to the Weekly Worker October 26 2006, [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/646/letters.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]8 Marot, ‘Trotsky, the Left Opposition and the rise of Stalinism: theory and practice’, Historical Materialism 14.3 (2006) at pp187-194 discusses the phenomenon, though his explanation of why it happened presupposes (in my opinion falsely) that a ‘council communist’ approach would have offered an alternative.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]9 Kautsky, The dictatorship of the proletariat (1918) www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1918/dictprole/index.htm; Martov, The state and the socialist revolution (1918-23), www.whatnextjournal.co.uk/Pages/Theory/Martov.html; Luxemburg, The Russian Revolution.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]10 Michael Lebowitz, Build it now (2006); Cliff Slaughter, Not without a storm (2006).[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]11 The texts, including Callinicos’s intervention, are in Critique Communiste No. 179 (March 2006). Some of them are translated in the January 2006 issue of the International Socialist Tendency Discussion Bulletin (IST DB) put out by the SWP’s ‘international’: [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]www.istendency.net/pdf/ISTbulletin7.pdf, and it is these which I have addressed here. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]12 Peter Manson, ‘Defeat the liquidators’ Weekly Worker February 21 2008, www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/709/defeatliquidators.html.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]13Weekly Worker July 29, August 5 and August 12 2004, accessible with other materials on the issue at www.cpgb.org.uk/theory/imperialism.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]14Weekly Worker August 2 - Sep 16 2007.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]15 It does not include the CPGB, since we are not, as an organisation, committed to ‘permanent revolution’.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]16MECW 10 pp628-29, quoted in Meszaros, Beyond Capitalism (1995) p518 329n.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]17 Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle (1975) is particularly helpful on this.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]18 Text from www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/otherdox/Whatnext/POprog.html. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]19 On communism and the family, as well as the Communist manifesto, see eg Michele Barrett & Mary McIntosh, The Anti-Social Family (1982); Jamie Gough & Mike Macnair, Gay Liberation in the 80s (1985) ch 3; and Julie Tarrant’s critique of Barratt & McIntosh, ‘Family, Capital and the Left Now’ The Red Critique 2 (2002), www.etext.org/Politics/AlternativeOrange/redtheory/redcritique/JanFeb02/FamilyCapitalandtheLeftNow.htm. The point of saying “the family as an economic institution” is that it is not communist policy but utopian speculation to attempt to prescribe how people should organise their sex lives and personal relationships in a future free of exploitation: but on the other hand, it is necessary to recognise that the family is still, under capitalism, an economic institution and one intimately connected with the inheritance of class position, and in this aspect of the family there can be no communism which does not transcend the economic role of the family. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]20 Marx, Critique of the Gotha programme,www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm; Engels to Bebel, March 1875, www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1875/letters/75_03_18.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]21Critique of the Gotha Programme, Part I, § 5.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]22Capital i ch 25 § 3, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch25.htm#599a. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]23 There are convenient summary discussions, with web references, by Jack Conrad at www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/620/ecology.htm and [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]http://www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/631/ecology.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]24 Hal Draper, Karl Marx’s theory of revolution: critique of other socialisms has the details.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]25 Eg, O’ Rourke and Williamson, Globalisation and History (2001).[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]26 (1899) www.marxists.org.uk/reference/archive/bernstein/works/1899/evsoc/index.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]27 (1909) www.marxists.org.uk/archive/kautsky/1909/power/index.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]28 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/luxemburg/1906/mass-strike/index.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]29 The anarchists were formally excluded from the International - except insofar as they appeared as representatives of trade union organisations - in 1896.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]30 Engels to Kautsky, February 1891, www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1891/letters/91_02_23.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]31 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1891/06/29.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]32 See www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1891erfurt.html. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]33 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1873/bakunin/index.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]34 http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/his...elessness.html. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]35 “On democratic-centralism & the regime” (1937), www.marxists.org.uk/archive/trotsky/works/1937/1937-dc.htm, provides one example of this sort of argument among many which can be found in Trotsky’s Writings from the 1930s on the internal disputes in the sections of the international Trotskyist movement; most are not on-line.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]36 See also Jack Conrad’s discussion in Weekly Worker January 13 2005.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]37 See Weekly Worker November 11 2004.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]38 Eg Sebastiano Timpanaro, On materialism (1975) ch 3, esp. p77; Hal Draper, Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution vol i: the State and Bureaucracy, part 1 (1977), pp23-26; JD Hunley, The life and thought of Friedrich Engels (1991). This is not to say that efforts to reinstate the ‘Engels vulgarized Marx’ line don’t persist: eg Kan’ichi Kuroda, Engels’ political economy (2000); Norman Levine, Divergent paths (2006). But such authors still fail to answer the elementary point made by Timpanaro and Draper, that Marx read the whole of the Anti-Dühring in draft, wrote the part of it on political economy, and publicly categorically endorsed it.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]39 Hal Draper, Karl Marx’s theory of revolution: critique of other socialisms has the details.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]40Programme of the Parti Ouvrier, quoted above ch 2.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]41 Above n. 16.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]42 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1894/letters/94_01_26.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]43 ‘Third address’, www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/ch05.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]44 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/drafts/ch01.htm#D1s3ii.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]45 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1871/letters/71_04_17.htm; original emphasis[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]46 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1872/10/authority.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]47 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/postscript.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]48 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1895/03/06.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]49www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1895/letters/95_04_01.htm; www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1895/letters/95_04_03.htm; discussed in Draper & Haberkern, Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution vol v, War and revolution Special Note D.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]50 More on the theoretical issues in my ‘Law and state as holes in Marxist theory’ Critique 40 (2006) pp211-236.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]51 www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/02/english-revolution.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]52 www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1891/06/29.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]53 ‘The three sources and three component parts of Marxism’, (1913) [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]CW 19 pp23-28. The omission reflects both the general loss of democratic-republican understanding in the Second International, and the specific political regression of the British labour movement after 1871. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]54 Citation above n. 21.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]55 www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/letters/75_03_18.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]56 www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1891/letters/91_09_29.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]57 Draper & Haberkern, Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution v (2005) pp171-183 gives the context.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]58 ‘Classical Marxism and grasping the dialectic’ Weekly Worker[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]September 11 2003. Compare also Paul Blackledge. ‘Karl Kautsky and Marxist historiography’, Science & Society 70 pp337-359 (2006).[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]59 Luxemburg: Ch 3 of the Junius pamphlet (1915), www.marxists.org.uk/archive/luxemburg/1915/junius/ch03.htm; Trotsky: War and the International (1914),preface, www.marxists.org.uk/archive/trotsky/1914/war/part1.htm#preface[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]60 Early examples in ‘The war and Russian Social-Democracy’, VI Lenin CW Vol 21, p35, and ‘The position and tasks of the Socialist International’, VI Lenin CW Vol 41, p349, both published November[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]1 1914.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]61 Defeatism: Draper, Lenin and the myth of revolutionary defeatism, www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1953/defeat/index.htm, at id., /chap3.htm, § 2; Zimmerwald: Lenin, Tasks of the proletariat in our revolution www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/post.htm; and the name, www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/7thconf/29i.htm (issue referred to a future congress for lack of time; but if it had been agreed by a clear majority, this would hardly have happened).[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]62 www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/jul/x01.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]63 ‘The position and tasks of the Socialist International’, VI Lenin CW Vol 21, p35.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]64 ‘The defeat of one’s own government in the imperialist war’, VI Lenin CW Vol 21, p275.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]65 The objection is reported in ‘Revolutionary Marxists at the International Socialist Conference’, www.marxists.org.uk/archive/lenin/works/1915/sep/05.htm; Lenin’s response is in one of his speeches at the conference: www.marxists. org.uk/archive/lenin/works/1915/aug/26.htm, text at note 12.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]66Weekly Worker July 29, August 5 and August 12 2004, accessible with other materials on the issue at www.cpgb.org.uk/theory/imperialism.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]67 Britain: Bornstein and Richardson, War and the International[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif](1986) 13-15, 40-41, 107. France: Pierre Frank, The Fourth International (1979) 64-67 (though Frank’s book is very self-serving, the fact of the split is in context a statement against Frank’s interests, and therefore reliable). China: Wang Fan-hsi, Chinese Revolutionary (1980) Ch 11. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]68 ‘The defeat of one’s own government...’[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]69 Citation above n. 52.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]70 K Marx and F Engels CW Vol 27, p367ff, discussed in more depth in Draper and Haberkern, Karl Marx’s theory of revolution[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]vol v, War and revolution, ch 7.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]71 One example, among several in print, at www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/britain/britain/ch11.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]There is some interesting debate on this little bit of history, with relevant quotations, in Bob Pitt, ‘Sectarian Propagandism’, Weekly Worker October 18 2001, www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/404/propagandism.html, Ian Donovan, ‘Should we defend the Taliban’ Weekly Worker November 15 2001, www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/408/defend_taliban.html, and Joseph Green, “The socialist debate on the Taliban”, http://home.flash.net/~comvoice/28cTaliban.html and http://home.flash.net/~comvoice/29cEmir.html. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]72Writings 1937-38, p107; more at pp109, 111. Japanese direct colonisation of parts of China had begun with the annexation of Manchuria in 1931, but full-scale war was generally accepted to have begun in 1937. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]73 www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/09/liberation.htm. The contingency was violently unlikely, since the Vargas period was one in which British capitalist interests in Brazil were displaced by US capitalist interests, with the British voluntarily divesting their interests (Marcelo de Paiva Abreu, ‘British business in Brazil: maturity and demise, 1850-1950’, www.econ.puc-rio.br/mpabreu/pdf/rbe.pdf, pp20ff), while Brazil had in 1937 entered a formal alliance with the US. Hence, a British war with the Vargas regime in the 1930s, which was never remotely in question, would have amounted in substance to an attack on US imperial interests and precipitated a British-US inter-imperialist war. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]74 Cited above n. 66.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]75Writings 1939-40 pp251-259, 332-335; ‘How to really defend democracy’ (1940) www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1940/08/letter10.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]76 A good many of the texts of this split are available at [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]http://www.marxists.org.uk/history/etol/document/fi/1938-1949/swp-wpsplit/index.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]77 I have argued elsewhere that there were ‘other things’ which justified tactical Soviet-defencism, ie the linkage between the Soviet state and the international workers’ movement: [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]www.cpgb.org.uk/cu/USSR-Mike.doc, at §§ 25, 33-35.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]78 Second Congress of the Fourth International, resolution ‘The USSR and Stalinism’, www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/fi/1938-1949/fi-2ndcongress/1948-congress02.htm, § 27. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]79 Luxemburg: ‘Organisational questions of the Russian social-democracy’, www.marxists.org.uk/archive/luxemburg/1904/questions-rsd/index.htm; Trotsky: ‘Report of the Siberian Delegation[/FONT]
    ’ [FONT=Times New Roman, serif](1903) www.marxists.org.uk/archive/trotsky/1903/xx/siberian.htm, and Our Political Tasks, www.marxists.org.uk/archive/trotsky/1904/tasks/index.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]80 See Hal Draper Karl Marx’s theory of revolution Vol 4, special note B.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]81 ‘(Reply by N Lenin to Rosa Luxemburg) One step forward, two steps back’, www.marxists.org.uk/archive/lenin/works/1904/sep/15a.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]82 ‘The tasks of revolutionary social democracy in the European war’ (August-September 1914). www.marxists.org.uk/archive/lenin/works/1914/aug/x01.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]83 Ibid section 14.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]84Socialism and war chapter 1, section 13, www.marxists.de/war/lenin-war/ch1.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]85 For the first see Draper & Haberkern, KMTR vol v, Special Note D. For the second, John H. Kautsky Introduction to Karl Kautsky,[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Road to Power (trans. Raymond Meyer, 1996) ppxxi-xxiv.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]86 www.marxists.org.uk/history/international/comintern/2nd-congress/ch03a.htm, and www.marxists.org.uk/history/international/comintern/3rd-congress/party-theses.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]87 Marx to Kugelman, 29 November 1869, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1869/letters/69_11_29.htm: “I have become more and more convinced - and the thing now is to drum this conviction into the English working class - that they will never be able to do anything decisive here in England before they separate their attitude towards Ireland quite definitely from that of the ruling classes, and not only make common cause with the Irish, but even take the initiative in dissolving the Union established in 1801, and substituting a free federal relationship for it.” Marx to Meyer and Vogt, April 9 1870, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1870/letters/70_04_09.htm. Engels, ‘Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic programme of 1891’, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1891/06/29.htm: “In my view, the proletariat can only use the form of the one and indivisible republic. In the gigantic territory of the United States, the federal republic is still, on the whole, a necessity, although in the Eastern states it is already becoming a hindrance. It would be a step forward in Britain where the two islands are peopled by four nations and in spite of a single Parliament three different systems of legislation already exist side by side.”[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]88 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1891/06/29.htm, contained in ‘Political demands’.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]89 L Trotsky Writings 1930-31 p155, ‘The crisis in the German left opposition’.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]90 Eg Alexander Rabinowitch, Prelude to revolution [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif](1968) and TheBolsheviks come to power (1976); Russell E. Snow, [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]The Bolsheviks in Siberia (1977). [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]91 Minutes of the 2nd Congress - www.marxists.org.uk/history/international/comintern/2nd-congress/ch13.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]92 www.marxists.org.uk/history/international/comintern/4th-congress/united-front.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]93 www.marxists.org.uk/history/international/comintern/4th-congress/tactics.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]94 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/trotsky/works/1924/ffyci-2/08.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]95 The confusion, both in the CPGB and in the Comintern, is carefully documented by Jack Conrad in his series ’80 years since the 1926 general strike’ available at www.cpgb.org.uk/theory/unions.htm, especially the fourth, fifth and sixth articles. See also texts by Stalin and Trotsky, of various dates, collected under the 5th Congress heading at www.marxists.org.uk/history/international/comintern/index.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]96 See also in relation to Germany Mike Jones, ‘The decline, disorientation and decomposition of a leadership: the German Communist Party: from revolutionary Marxism to centrism’ (1989) [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Revolutionary History vol 2 No. 3, www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/backiss/Vol2/No3/decline.html. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]97 The origins of the ‘third period’ as theory and the role of Bukharin in the turn are discussed in Nicholas N. Kozlov & Eric D. Weitz, ‘Reflections on the origins of the ‘third period’ (1989) 24 Journal of Contemporary History pp387-410. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]98 www.marxists.org.uk/reference/archive/dimitrov/works/1935/08_02.htm#s6.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]99 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1864/10/27.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]100 Original emphasis; Socialism and war chapter 1, section 14, www.marxists.org.uk/archive/lenin/works/1915/s+w/ch01.ht.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]101 Eg Levi, ‘Leaving Leninism’ (1927) www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/supplem/Levlenin.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]102 www.marxists.org.uk/history/international/comintern/2nd-congress/ch03a.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]103 www.marxists.org.uk/history/international/comintern/4th-congress/tactics.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]104 In First five years of the Communist International Vol 2, www.marxists.org.uk/archive/trotsky/works/1924/ffyci-2/24.htm. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]105 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/trotsky/works/1938-tp/index.htm#Workers_Government.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]106 More in my article on the Iraq war and the law, Weekly Worker September 25 2003.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]107 Various materials on the history of the First International are conveniently available at www.marxists.org.uk/history/international/iwma/index.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]108 www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/s/10769122full.php#N102E1.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]109 www.marxists.org.uk/archive/marx/works/1864/10/27.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]110 www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/letters/75_03_18.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]111 The anarchists took the name in the 1870s, although they could not keep the movement up beyond a few conferences; the Marxists had moved the general council to New York in the hope of building a mass movement in the US, which proved to be illusory.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]112 Citation above n. 21.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]113 www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1914/10/peace.htm. The text on the MIA is a summary in the BSP paper Justice of an article in [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]Die Neue Zeit, but it seems unlikely that the translator-summarizer radically misunderstood Kautsky’s arguments.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]114 The comments of Marx and Engels on this issue in their critiques of the Gotha programme (citations above n. 20) are corroborated from other sources by S Miller and H Potcoff, A History of German social-democracy from 1848 to the present, trans. J.A. Underwood (1986), pp27-28.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]115 The speech by Lenin on Poland and article by Tukhachevsky on the Red Army provide clear illustrations. See Al Richardson (ed) [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]In defence of the Russian revolution (1995) pp134-158, 163-174.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]116 ‘Speech at the ceremonial meeting in the military academy of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army devoted to the fourth anniversary of the academy, December 7 1922’, www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1922-mil/ch15.htm.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]117 For several items on France, see L Trotsky First five years of the Communist International www.marxists.org.uk/archive/trotsky/works/1924/ffyci-2/index.htm. On Germany, L Trotsky The Third International after Lenin www.marxists.org.uk/archive/trotsky/works/1928-3rd/ti04.htm#b3. Mike Jones, ‘German communist history’ letter What Next No4, www.whatnextjournal.co.uk, reports the claim of KPD leader Brandler that detailed timetables for a German insurrection were settled in Moscow, and confirms it from work in Russian archives published by historians in the 1990s.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]118 “Der Krieg ist eine blosse Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln” (Vom Kriege I, 1, 24). “Politik” can be translated either as ‘policy’ or as ‘politics’. Christopher Blassford, ‘Clausewitz and his works’ (1992) www.clausewitz.com/CWZHOME/CWZSUMM/CWORKHOL.htm, argues forcefully that the word is more accurately translated by ‘politics’ with its uncertainties and irrationalities rather than by the (apparently rational) ‘policy’.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]119 Discussion in Weekly Worker March 31 2005. On the historical details of the turn, Haslam Historical Journal Vol 22, pp673-691 is illuminating.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]120 Minutes of the founding congress, in Documents of the Fourth International (1973), p289. The figures are probably an underestimate, since the list shows several organisations for which the secretariat did not have figures. However, it is most unlikely that the real numbers were much above 15,000 worldwide.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]121Documents of the Fourth International p29.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]122 A picture needs to be built up from the decisions on particular sections in the Documents (above) and from the correspondence and contributions collected in Trotsky’s Writings (1975-79) or the fuller French Oeuvres (1978-87). Academic writers about Trotsky have generally been interested only in Trotsky’s more ‘theoretical’ and general writings, while Trotskyist writers have been too partisan, to do this systematic work. Revolutionary History has been mainly interested in the development of the Trotskyist movement in individual countries rather than of the international organisation as such. I will admit that the picture given in the text is extremely partial and impressionistic. [/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]123 Mandel in ‘Ten theses’ (1951) in Toward a history of the Fourth International Vol 4, part 4; variant forms have been consistently repeated by the Mandelites down to the present day.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]124Weekly Worker October 9 2003.[/FONT]
    [FONT=Times New Roman, serif]125 Collected at www.cpgb.org.uk/theory/unions.htm; especially the last article in the series.[/FONT]