Sources and Components of Marxism: Four? [Archive]

Die Neue Zeit

15th November 2008, 03:55

The traditional view is that there are three "sources and components" of Marxism, as identified by Kautsky and reiterated by Lenin: German philosophy, British political economy, and French socialism.

However, in regards to "Late Marx" specifically, it seems that he had four "sources and components" of his thinking, all of which seem to be British (perhaps related to his later years in London).

British Political Economy (obviously)

Scottish Materialism (in turn probably Greek-based): In Das Kapital, Marx explicitly stated that his so-called "dialectic" was the exact opposite of Hegel's, and this was thoroughly demonstrated by his description of capital as a dynamic process:

http://www.revleft.com/vb/rosa-marx-dialectics-t92737/index2.html

I've watched half of David Harvey's first video on Capital, and when he talks about things being in motion, labour as being a process, capital as being a process, and how Bush and Giuliani wanted to get the economy rolling again after 9/11, I then realized that Marx merely used the wrong word - "dialectic" as opposed to the more SCIENTIFIC word "dynamic" (specific due to the usage of that word in physics).

Hegel's idealism, meanwhile, is all about abstracts, which cannot be in motion.

Marx's failure to use a more analytically authoritative word puzzles me.

JR, he qualified his use of this term so that it was more in line with the way you use it

"The old economists misunderstood the nature of economic laws when they likened them to the laws of physics and chemistry. A more thorough analysis of phenomena shows that social organisms differ among themselves as fundamentally as plants or animals. Nay, one and the same phenomenon falls under quite different laws in consequence of the different structure of those organisms as a whole, of the variations of their individual organs, of the different conditions in which those organs function, &c. Marx, e.g., denies that the law of population is the same at all times and in all places."

Is this why he did not want to use the word "dynamic", or was that word merely not prevalent - specifically in the physics studies of his time?

Well, dynamicist theorists go back a long way; they certailnly pre-date theorists like Leibniz and Descartes. in fact this can be traced back to the ancient Greeks:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamis

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s6W-WeLvMh8C&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162&dq=Dunamis+philosophy&source=web&ots=LP7Ap6goL2&sig=rV-JguAX89Xm3ZrTzRlTAapFrx8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result

So, I do not know why Marx did not use this word, for it seems far better than many he did use, and decidedly better than many his epigones have used since.

British Utopian Socialism: Marx regarding the British utopian socialists in higher regard than the French socialists, ranging from their critique of the capitalism of his time to even the utopian models suggested by them (British post-money labour tokens vs. French cooperativism), going so far as to declare socialized production based on labour time directly in Volume II of Das Kapital!

British Chartism: http://communiststudents.org.uk/?p=707

A highlight of the week was the official launch of Mike Macnair’s book Revolutionary strategy - Marxism and the challenge of left unity (reviewed in Weekly Worker August 7). The book was available on the CPGB bookstall at CU and around 80 were sold. Comrade Jean-Michel Edwin of Prométhée joked that his only criticism was that it had not been published in French. However, he hoped to translate at least parts of it, as he was sure it would aid the struggle to establish a genuine Communist Party in France.

In his opening, comrade Macnair said Lenin should have included a fourth “source and component part” of Marxism: Chartism. He criticised the notion that the 1917 slogan, ‘All power to the soviets’, was applicable to all revolutions - indeed, although in his view Lenin and Trotsky were correct to “gamble” on the German revolution when they led the October uprising, the left had been wrong to treat the 1917 revolution in peasant-dominated Russia as the universal model for workers’ revolutions across the globe. We have to go back to the ideas of Marx and Engels, he concluded.

http://communiststudents.org.uk/?p=1486

What is meant is that socialist consciousness and revolutionary programme does not automatically result from the battle between employer and employee. It is, however, one-sided to assert that Marxist science comes from without - the British working class movement of the Chartists is as intrinsic to Marxism as German philosophy, English political economy and French utopian socialism - all different forms of the ideas of the ‘intelligentsia’.

Thoughts on this British-ization of Marx's thought?

davidasearles

26th November 2008, 18:19

Probably a wee bit of bias in this list, but it's impressivel nonetheless -

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_inventions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_inventions)

Road Transport Innovations

A gas mask (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mask): James Gregory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gregory_(astronomer_and_mathematician)) (1638-1675)
A steam car (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine) (steam engine): William Murdoch (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murdoch) (1754-1839) [1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-0)
Macadam (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam) roads: John Loudon MacAdam (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Loudon_MacAdam) (1756-1836) [1] (http://www.visitscotland.com/library/johnmacadam)
Driving on the left (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_on_the_left): Determined by a Scottish-inspired Act of Parliament in 1772
The pedal bicycle (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_bicycle): Kirkpatrick Macmillan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Macmillan) (1813-1878) [2] (http://www.webscot.co.uk/greatscots/kirkpatrickmacmillan.htm)
The pneumatic tyre (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_tyre): Robert William Thomson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Thomson) and John Boyd Dunlop (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_Dunlop) (1822-1873) [3] (http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/RobertWilliamThomson.htm)
The overhead valve (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_valve) engine: David Dunbar Buick (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dunbar_Buick) (1854-1929)
The speedometer (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedometer): Sir Keith Elphinstone (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keith_Elphinstone&action=edit&redlink=1) (1864-1944)
The motor lorry (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorry): John Yule (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Yule&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1870
The steam tricycle (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle): Andrew Lawson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lawson) in 1895
Civil Engineering Innovations

Bridges

Bridge (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge) design: Sir William Arrol (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arrol) (1838-1913), Thomas Telford (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Telford) (1757-1834) & John Rennie (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie) (1761-1821)
Suspension bridge (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridge) improvements: Sir Samuel Brown (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Sir_Samuel_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1) (1776-1852)
Tubular steel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_steel): Sir William Fairbairn (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fairbairn) (1789-1874)
Canals & Docks

Falkirk Wheel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_Wheel): ??? (Opened 2002)
Canal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal) design: Thomas Telford (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Telford) (1757-1834)
Dock (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_(maritime)) design: John Rennie (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie) (1761-1821)
The patent slip (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_slip) for docking vessels: Thomas Morton (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Morton) (1781-1832)
Crane (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(bird)) design: James Bremner (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bremner) (1784-1856)
Lighthouses

Lighthouse (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse) design: Robert Stevenson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stevenson_(civil_engineer)) (1772-1850)
The Drummond Light (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummond_Light): Thomas Drummond (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Drummond) (1797-1840)
Power Innovations

Condensing steam engine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine) & improvements: James Watt (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watt) (1736-1819)
Coal-gas lighting (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-gas_lighting): William Murdock (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murdock) (1754-1839)
The Stirling heat engine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_heat_engine): Rev. Robert Stirling (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stirling) (1790-1878)
Electro-magnetic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-magnetic) innovations: James Clerk Maxwell (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell) (1831-79)
Carbon brushes (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_brushes) for dynamos (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo): George Forbes (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Forbes_(scientist)) (1849-1936)
The Clark cycle gas engine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_cycle_gas_engine): Sir Dugald Clark (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugald_Clark) (1854-1932)
Wireless transformer (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_transformer) improvements: Sir James Swinburne (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Swinburne) (1858-1958)
Cloud chamber (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_chamber) recording of atoms (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom): Charles T. R. Wilson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_T._R._Wilson) (1869-1959)
Wave-powered (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave-powered)electricity generator (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generator):By South African Engineer Stephen Salter (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Salter&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1977
Shipbuilding Innovations

The steamship (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamship)paddle wheel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_wheel): Patrick Miller (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Miller_of_Dalswinton) (1731-1815)
The steam boat (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_boat): William Symington (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Symington) (1763-1831)
Europe's first passenger steamboat: Henry Bell (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bell_(engineer)) (1767-1830)
The first iron (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron)-hulled (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)) steamship: Sir William Fairbairn (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fairbairn) (1789-1874)
The first practical screw propeller (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_propeller): Robert Wilson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wilson) (1803-1882)
Marine engine innovations: James Howden (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Howden) (1832-1913)
Heavy Industry Innovations

The carronade cannon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carronade_cannon): Robert Melville (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Melville) (1723-1809)
Making cast steel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_steel) from wrought iron (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron): David Mushet (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Mushet&action=edit&redlink=1) (1772-1847)
Wrought iron sash bars for glass houses (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_houses): John C. Loudon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Loudon) (1783-1865)
The hot blast oven (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_blast_oven): James Beaumont Neilson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Beaumont_Neilson) (1792-1865)
The steam hammer (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_hammer): James Nasmyth (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nasmyth) (1808-1890)
Wire rope (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_rope): Robert Stirling Newall (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stirling_Newall) (1812-1889)
Steam engine improvements: William Mcnaught (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Mcnaught&action=edit&redlink=1) (1831-1881)
The Fairlie (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairlie), a narrow gauge (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway), double-bogey (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogey)railway engine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_engine): Robert Francis Fairlie (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Francis_Fairlie) (1831-1885)
Cordite (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordite) - Sir James Dewar, Sir Frederick Abel
Agricultural Innovations

Threshing (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing) machine improvements: James Meikle (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Meikle&action=edit&redlink=1) (c.1690-c.1780) & Andrew Meikle (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Meikle) (1719-1811)
Hollow pipe drainage (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage): Sir Hugh Dalrymple (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Dalrymple&action=edit&redlink=1), Lord Drummore (1700-1753)
The Scotch Plough (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_Plough): James Anderson of Hermiston (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anderson_of_Hermiston) (1739-1808)
Deanstonisation soil-drainage system (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deanstonisation_soil-drainage_system&action=edit&redlink=1): James Smith (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Smith) (1789-1850)
The mechanical reaping machine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaping_machine): Rev. Patrick Bell (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Bell) (1799-1869)
The Fresno Scraper (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_Scraper): James Porteous (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Porteous) (1848-1922)
The Tuley tree shelter (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuley_tree_shelter): Graham Tuley (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graham_Tuley&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1979
Communication Innovations

Print stereotyping (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Print_stereotyping&action=edit&redlink=1): William Ged (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ged) (1690-1749)
The balloon post (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_post): John Anderson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_HD_Anderson) (1726-1796)
The adhesive postage stamp (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamp) and the postmark (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmark): James Chalmers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chalmers) (1782-1853)
The post office (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office)
The mail-van (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail-van) service
Universal Standard Time (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Standard_Time): Sir Sandford Fleming (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandford_Fleming) (1827-1915)
Light signalling between ships (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light_signalling_between_ships&action=edit&redlink=1): Admiral Philip H. Colomb (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_H._Colomb) (1831-1899)
The telephone (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone) (disputed) Alexander Graham Bell (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell) (1847-1922)
The teleprinter (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter): Frederick G. Creed (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_G._Creed) (1871-1957)
The television (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television): John Logie Baird (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird) (1888-1946)
Radar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radar): Robert Watson-Watt (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt) (1892-1973)
Fax Machine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax_Machine) - Alexander Bain
Radio (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio) (underlying principles) - James Clerk Maxwell (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell) (1831-1879)
Some Scottish publishing firsts:

The first book translated from English (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language) into a foreign language
The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica) (1768-81)
The first English textbook on surgery (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery) (1597)
The first modern pharmacopaedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharmacopaedia&action=edit&redlink=1), the Materia Medica Catalogue (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Materia_Medica_Catalogue&action=edit&redlink=1) (1776)
The first textbook on Newtonian science (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_science)
The first colour newspaper advertisement (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_advertisement)
The first postcards (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcard) and picture postcards in the UK
Scientific innovations

Logarithms (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm): John Napier (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Napier) (1550-1617)
The theory of electromagnetism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism): James Clerk Maxwell (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell) (1831-1879)
Popularising the decimal point (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_point): John Napier (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Napier) (1550-1617)
The Gregorian telescope (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_telescope): James Gregory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gregory_(astronomer_and_mathematician)) (1638-1675)
The concept of latent heat (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_heat): Joseph Black (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Black) (1728-1799)
The pyroscope (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroscope&action=edit&redlink=1), atmometer (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmometer) and aethrioscope (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aethrioscope&action=edit&redlink=1) scientific instruments: Sir John Leslie (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leslie_(physicist)) (1766-1832)
Identifying the nucleus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus) in living cells (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)): Robert Brown (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist)) (1773-1858)
Hypnosis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis): James Braid (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Braid) (1795-1860)
Colloid chemistry (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid_chemistry): Thomas Graham (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham) (1805-1869)
The kelvin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin)SI (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI)unit (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_measurement) of temperature (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature): William Thompson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin), Lord Kelvin (1824-1907)
Devising the diagramatic system of representing chemical bonds (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bonds): Alexander Crum Brown (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Crum_Brown) (1838-1922)
Criminal fingerprinting (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint): Henry Faulds (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Faulds) (1843-1930)
The noble gases (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas): Sir William Ramsay (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ramsay) (1852-1916)
The Cloud chamber (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_chamber): Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson) (1869-1959)
Pioneering work on nutrition (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition) and poverty (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty): John Boyd Orr (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr) (1880-1971)
The ultrasound scanner (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound_scanner): Ian Donald (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Donald) (1910-1987)
Ferrocene (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocene) synthetic substances: Peter Ludwig Pauson (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Ludwig_Pauson&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1955
The MRI body scanner (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI_body_scanner): John Mallard (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mallard) in 1980
The first cloned (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning) mammal (Dolly the Sheep (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_the_Sheep)): The Roslin Institute (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslin_Institute) research centre in 1996
Seismometer (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometer) - James David Forbes (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_David_Forbes)
Chloroform Pioneer - Sir James Y Simpson (1811-1870)
Sports innovations

Main article: Sport in Scotland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland)

Scots have been instrumental in the invention and early development of several sports:

several modern athletics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(track_and_field)) events, notably the shot put (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_put) and the hammer throw (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_throw), derive from Highland Games (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Games) events

Curling (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling)
Cycling (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling), invention of the pedal-cycle
Golf (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf)
Mountaineering (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering)
Shinty (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinty)
Basketball (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball) (see James Naismith (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Naismith))
Medical Innovations

Devising the cure for scurvy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurvy): James Lind (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lind) (1716-1794)
Discovering quinine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine) as the cure for malaria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria): George Cleghorn (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Cleghorn&action=edit&redlink=1) (1716-1794)
Pioneering the use of surgical anaesthesia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaesthesia) with Chloroform (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform): Sir James Young Simpson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Young_Simpson) (1811-1870)
The hypodermic syringe (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_syringe): Alexander Wood (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wood) (1817-1884)
Pioneering the use of antiseptics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic): Joseph Lister (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister) (1827-1912)
Identifying the mosquito (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito) as the carrier of malaria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria): Sir Ronald Ross (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross) (1857-1932)
Identifying the cause of brucellosis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis): Sir David Bruce (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bruce_(microbiologist)) (1855-1931)
Discovering the vaccine for typhoid (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid) fever: Sir William B. Leishman (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Leishman) (1865-1926)
Discovering insulin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin): John J R Macleod (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J_R_Macleod) (1876-1935) with others
Penicillin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin): Sir Alexander Fleming (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming) (1881-1955)
Discovering an effective tuberculosis treatment (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis_treatment): Sir John Crofton (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Crofton&action=edit&redlink=1) in the 1950s
Primary creator of the artificial kidney (Professor Kenneth Lowe - Later Queen's physician in Scotland)
Developing the first beta-blocker (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-blocker) drugs: Sir James W. Black (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Black) in 1964
Glasgow Coma Scale (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scale): Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_J._Jennett) (1974)
Household Innovations

The Dewar Flask (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewar_Flask): Sir James Dewar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewar) (1847-1932)
The piano (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano) with footpedals: John Broadwood (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Broadwood) (1732-1812)
The waterproof macintosh (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterproof_macintosh): Charles Macintosh (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Macintosh) (1766-1843)
The kaleidoscope (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope): Sir David Brewster (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster) (1781-1868)
The modern lawnmower (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawnmower): Alexander Shanks (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shanks&action=edit&redlink=1) (1801-1845)
The Lucifer friction match (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucifer_friction_match&action=edit&redlink=1): Sir Isaac Holden (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Holden,_1st_Baronet) (1807-1897){
Paraffin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin): James Young (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Young) (1811-1883)
The fountain pen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_pen): Robert Thomson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Thomson) (1822-1873)
Cotton-reel thread (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn): J & J Clark (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J_%26_J_Clark&action=edit&redlink=1) of Paisley (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley)
Lime Cordial (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_Cordial): Lachlan Rose (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lachlan_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1867
Bovril (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovril)beef (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef) extract: John Lawson Johnston (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawson_Johnston) in 1874
The life ring, or personal flotation device (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_flotation_device): Captain Ward in 1854
Electric clock (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_clock) - Alexander Bain (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bain)
Weapons Innovations

The Ferguson rifle (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_rifle): Patrick Ferguson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Ferguson) in 1770 or 1776
The Lee bolt system as used in the Lee-Metford (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee-Metford) and Lee-Enfield (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee-Enfield) series rifles: James Paris Lee (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Paris_Lee)
The Ghillie suit (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghillie_suit)
Economics Innovations

Adam Smith; Smith was born in 1723, hailing from Kirkcaldy, a Scottish town north of Edinburgh; the 18th century Scot considered to be the father of modern economics; Smith's ``An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which argued that minimal government interference in commerce would promote human welfare and alleviate poverty, was published in 1776. He is the first Scotsman to appear on the central bank's currency in England, replacing Elgar's image in the next few years on as many as 1 billion notes.
Miscellaneous innovations

The digestive biscuit (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_biscuit), invented by McVitie's (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McVitie%27s) in Edinburgh in 1892 by Alexander Grant.
Boys' Brigade (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys%27_Brigade)
Bank of England (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England)
Bank of Scotland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland)
Bank of France (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_France)
Colour photography (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_photography): the first known permanent colour photograph was taken by James Clerk Maxwell (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell) (1831-1879)
The Comb - Aberdeen
The Keyring - Aberdeen
Robinson Crusoe - influenced by the real-life Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish castaway