New Zealand

[comrade stalin guevara]

Kia ora comrades,
this post today is about the subliminal racisim of my 'nation'
In new zealand the history go like this, maori lived here since the year 900
along comes mother england in 1770, colinization happens however this is about now not the past.

In the education system of nz over 60% of maori do not finish school
Political parties continue to play the race card during election time, to my amazement it works well to.
The maori worker is generally a labourer and is on the lower side of the pay slip.

Why is there this in nz?, apparently maori are giving special treatment by the goverment, ok treaty settlements have doubled and a lot of kiwis despise the fact maori are getting handouts,
well considering colinization and the breaking down of maori culture i think these handouts are only right.

I do not think that kiwis are racist as a hole we seem to love overseas culture, just wish kiwis would learn to embrace the native culture,
i dont know for certain but i belive this is the same in america and australia

All replies welcome

Comradely
Stalin Guevara

[Faction2008]

I do not think that kiwis are racist as a hole we seem to love overseas culture, just wish kiwis would learn to embrace the native culture,
i dont know for certain but i belive this is the same in america and australia
I believe where ever you go you should respect all cultures but yes the Kiwis should at least respect the native culture. Also what do you mean they like oversea cultures, like they embrace the European more than the native for example?

[comrade stalin guevara]

Yes exactly that comrade.

[Faction2008]

Yes exactly that comrade.
I know in Australia I have heard of racism between white people and Aborigines, is this the case for the natives in New Zealand? Do they generally get on or are there segregated areas?

[comrade stalin guevara]

No we get on with a kind of forget colinization happend attitude,
the australians are far worse than kiwis.

Its just a matter of subliminal racisim here.

[Trystan]

Didn't they plan to limit Maori rights not too long ago? New Zeland doesn't seem as fucked up as Australia though.

[comrade stalin guevara]

Just watch the nz news on febuary 6th and you will begin to understand.
here is some wikipedia info on the history of nz, however it is better to learn from a maori.
Polynesian foundation

New Zealand (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand) was originally settled by Polynesians some time between 1000 and 1300 CE (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1300), although some evidence suggests earlier settlement. The descendants of these settlers became known as the Māori (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori), forming a distinct culture (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture) of their own. Separate settlement of the tiny Chatham Islands (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Islands) in the east of New Zealand produced the Moriori (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriori) people; linguistic evidence indicates that the Moriori were mainland Māori who ventured eastward.[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-0)
The original settlers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler) quickly exploited the abundant large game in New Zealand, such as moa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa), large flightless (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flightless_bird) ratites (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratite) (similar to ostriches) that were pushed to extinction (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction) by about 1500. As moa and other large game became scarce or extinct, Māori culture underwent major change, with regional differences. In areas where it was possible to grow taro (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro) and kūmara (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABmara), horticulture became more important. This was not possible in the south of the South Island, however elsewhere wild plants such as fernroot were often available for harvest. Warfare (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfare) also increased in importance, reflecting increased competition for land and other resources. In this period, fortified pā (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa_%28Maori%29) became more common, although there is debate about the actual frequency of warfare.
Leadership was based on a system of chieftainship, which was often but not always hereditary, although chiefs (male or female) needed to demonstrate leadership abilities to avoid being superseded by more dynamic individuals. The most important units of pre-European Māori society were the whānau (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wh%C4%81nau) or extended family, and the hapū (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hap%C5%AB) or group of whānau. After these came the iwi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwi) or tribe, consisting of groups of hapū. Related hapū would often trade goods and co-operate on major projects, but conflict between hapū was also relatively common. Traditional Māori society preserved history orally (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_history) through narratives, songs, and chants; skilled experts could recite the tribal genealogies (whakapapa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whakapapa)) back for hundreds of years. Arts included whaikōrero (oratory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory)), song composition in multiple genres, dance forms including haka (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haka), as well as weaving, highly developed wood carving, and tā moko (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81_moko) (tattoo).
Birds, fish and sea mammals were important sources of protein.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-1) Māori cultivated food plants which they had brought with them from Polynesia, including sweet potatoes (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potatoes) (called kūmara), taro (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro), gourds (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourds) and yams (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yams). They also cultivated the cabbage tree (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage_tree_%28Cordyline_australis%29), a plant endemic to New Zealand, and exploited wild foods such as fern root, which provided a starchy paste. Cannibalism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism), as elsewhere in the Pacific, played a very small part in the diet.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=2)] Early contact period


[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=3)] Explorers and other visitors

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cook_new_zealand.jpg/180px-Cook_new_zealand.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cook_new_zealand.jpg) http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cook_new_zealand.jpg)
First map of New Zealand, drawn by Captain James Cook (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook).


The first Europeans known to reach New Zealand were the crew of Dutch (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands) explorer Abel Tasman (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Tasman) who arrived in his ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen. Tasman anchored at the northern end of the South Island (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island) in Golden Bay (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bay) (he named it Murderers Bay) in December 1642 and sailed northward to Tonga (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga) following a clash with local Māori. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Tasman called them Staten Landt, after the States-General of the Netherlands (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands), and that name appeared on his first maps of the country. Dutch cartographers changed the name to Nova Zeelandia in Latin, from Nieuw Zeeland, after the Dutch province (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces) of Zeeland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeland). It was subsequently Anglicised as New Zealand by British naval captain James Cook (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook) of HM Bark Endeavour (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Bark_Endeavour) who visited (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook) the islands more than 100 years after Tasman during (1769 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1769)–1770 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1770)). Cook returned to New Zealand on both of his subsequent voyages. Various claims have been made that New Zealand was reached by other non-Polynesian voyagers before Tasman, but these are not widely accepted.[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-2)
From the 1790s (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790s) the waters around New Zealand were visited by British, French and American whaling (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_whaling), sealing (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_hunting) and trading (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade) ships. Their crews traded European goods, including guns and metal tools, for Māori food, water, wood, flax (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_flax) and sex (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution).[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-3) Māori were reputed to be enthusiastic and canny traders. Although there were some conflicts, such as the killing of French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Joseph_Marion_du_Fresne) and the destruction of the Boyd, most contact between Māori and European was peaceful. From the 1800s (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800s) missionaries (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries) began settling in New Zealand and attempting to convert (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion) Māori to Christianity and control the considerably lawless (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law) European visitors.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=4)] Māori response

The impact of contact on Māori varied. In some inland areas life went on more or less unchanged, although a European metal tool such as a fish-hook or hand axe might be acquired through trade with other tribes. At the other end of the scale, tribes that frequently encountered Europeans, such as Ngā Puhi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81_Puhi) in Northland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northland), underwent major changes.
Pre-European Māori had no distance weapons and the introduction of the musket (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket) had an enormous impact on Māori warfare. Tribes with muskets would attack tribes without them, killing or enslaving many. As a result, guns became very valuable and Māori would trade huge quantities of goods for a single musket. The Musket Wars (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket_Wars) died out in the 1830s (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830s) after most tribes had acquired muskets and a new balance of power was achieved.
Around this time, many Māori converted to Christianity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity). The reasons for this have been hotly debated but may include social and cultural disruption caused by the Musket Wars and European contact. The appeal of a religion that promotes peace and forgiveness, a desire to emulate the Europeans and to gain a similar abundance of material goods, and a polytheistic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheistic) culture that had little difficulty accepting new gods may all have been factors in the conversion.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=5)] European settlement

European settlement increased through the early decades of the nineteenth century, with numerous trading stations established, especially in the North. The first full-blooded European infant in the territory, Thomas King, was born in 1815 in the Bay of Islands (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Islands). Many Europeans bought land from Māori, but misunderstanding and different concepts of land ownership led to conflict and bitterness. In 1839 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1839), the New Zealand Company (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Company) announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand. This alarmed the missionaries, who called for British control of European settlers in New Zealand.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=6)] British sovereignty

In 1788 the colony of New South Wales (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales) had been founded. According to Captain Phillip's amended Commission, dated 25 April (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25) 1787 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1787), the colony included all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean within the latitudes of 10°37'S and 43°39'S which included most of New Zealand except for the southern half of the South Island. In 1825 with Van Diemen's Land (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land) becoming a separate colony, the southern boundary of New South Wales was altered[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-4) to the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean with a southern boundary of 39°12'S which included only the northern half of the North Island. However, these boundaries had no real impact as the New South Wales administration had little interest in New Zealand.[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-5)
In response to complaints about lawless white sailors and adventurers in New Zealand, the British government (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government) appointed James Busby (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Busby) as Official Resident in 1832. In 1834 he encouraged Māori chiefs to assert their sovereignty with the signing of the Declaration of Independence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Independence_of_New_Zealand) in 1835 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1835). This was acknowledged by King William IV (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom). Busby was provided with neither legal authority nor military support and was thus ineffective in controlling the European population.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=7)] Treaty of Waitangi

Main article: Treaty of Waitangi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Waitangi_Treaty-1-.jpg/180px-Waitangi_Treaty-1-.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Waitangi_Treaty-1-.jpg) http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Waitangi_Treaty-1-.jpg)
Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi).


In 1839 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1839), the New Zealand Company (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Company) announced its plans to establish colonies in New Zealand. This, and the continuing lawlessness of many of the established settlers, spurred the British to take stronger action. Captain William Hobson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hobson) was sent to New Zealand to persuade Māori to cede their sovereignty (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty) to the British Crown (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Crown).
On 6 February (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_6) 1840 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840), Hobson and about forty Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi) at Waitangi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitangi) in the Bay of Islands (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Islands). Copies of the Treaty were subsequently taken around the country to be signed by other chiefs. A significant number refused to sign or were not asked but, in total, more than five hundred Māori eventually signed.
The Treaty gave Māori control over their lands and possessions and all of the rights of British citizens. What it gave the British in return depends on the language-version of the Treaty that is referred to. The English version can be said to give the British Crown (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Crown) sovereignty (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty) over New Zealand but the Māori version the Crown receives kawanatanga—that, arguably, is a lesser power (see Treaty of Waitangi#Meaning and interpretation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi#Meaning_and_interpretation)). Dispute over the true meaning and the intent of either party remains an issue.
Britain was motivated by the desire to forestall other European powers (France established a very small settlement at Akaroa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaroa) in the South Island (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island) later in 1840), to facilitate settlement by British subjects and, possibly, to end the lawlessness of European (predominantly British and American) whalers, sealers and traders. Officials and missionaries had their own positions and reputations to protect.
Māori chiefs were motivated by a desire for protection from foreign powers, the establishment of governorship over European settlers and traders in New Zealand, and to allow for wider settlement that would increase trade and prosperity for Māori.[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-motivation-6)
Hobson died in September 1842. Robert FitzRoy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy), the new governor, took some legal steps to recognise Māori custom. However, his successor, George Grey (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grey), promoted rapid cultural assimilation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation) and reduction of the land ownership, influence and rights of the Māori. The practical effect of the Treaty was, in the beginning, only gradually felt, especially in predominantly Māori regions.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=8)] Colonial period

Having been administered, through 1840 when the treaty was signed, as a part of the Australian colony of New South Wales (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales), New Zealand became a colony in its own right on 3 May (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_3) 1841 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1841). It was divided into provinces (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand) that were reorganised in 1846 and in 1853, when they acquired their own legislatures, and then abolished in 1876. The country rapidly gained some measure of self-government through the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852), which established central and provincial government.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=9)] Immigration

Main article: Immigration to New Zealand (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand)
From 1840 there was considerable European settlement, primarily from England (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England), Scotland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland) and Wales (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales), but also from Ireland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland) and to a lesser extent the United States (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States), India (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India), and various parts of continental Europe (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe), including the province of Dalmatia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia)[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-7) in what is now Croatia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia), and Bohemia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia)[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-8) in what is now the Czech Republic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic). Already a majority of the population by 1859, the number of white settlers (called Pākehā (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81) by Māori) increased rapidly to reach a million by 1911 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911).
In the 1870s and 1880s, several thousand Chinese (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people) men, mostly from the Guangdong (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong) province, migrated to New Zealand to work on the South Island (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island) goldfields. Although the first Chinese migrants had been invited by the Otago (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago) Provincial government they quickly became the target of hostility from white settlers and laws were enacted specifically to discourage them from coming to New Zealand.[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-9)

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=10)] Māori adaptation and resistance

Māori had initially welcomed Pākehā for the trading opportunities they brought. However it soon became clear that they had underestimated the number of settlers that would arrive in their lands. Iwi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwi) (tribes) whose land was the base of the main settlements quickly lost much of their land and autonomy. Others prospered—until about 1860 the city of Auckland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland) bought most of its food from Māori who grew and sold it themselves. Many iwi owned flour mills, ships and other items of European technology, some exported food to Australia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia). Although race relations were generally peaceful in this period there were conflicts over who had ultimate power in particular areas—the Governor (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor) or the Māori chiefs. One such conflict was the Northern or Flagstaff War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstaff_War) of the 1840s during which the town of Kororareka (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kororareka) was destroyed.
As the Pākehā population increased, pressure grew on Māori to sell more land. A few tribes had become nearly landless and others were fearful of losing their lands because, as well as an economic resource, land is the basis of Māori identity and a connection with their ancestors. Land was held communally, it was not given up without discussion and consultation—or loss during warfare.
Pākehā had little understanding of all of that and accused Māori of holding onto land they did not use efficiently. Competition for land was a primary cause of the New Zealand Land Wars (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Land_Wars) of the 1860s and 1870s, in which the Taranaki (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki) and Waikato (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato) regions were invaded by colonial troops and Māori of these regions had much of their land taken from them. The wars and confiscation have left a legacy of bitterness that remains to this day.
Some iwi sided with the government and, later, fought with the government. They were motivated partly by the thought that an alliance with the government would benefit them, and partly by old feuds with the iwi they fought against. One result of their co-operation strategy was the establishment of the four Māori seats (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_seats) in parliament, in 1867.
Following the wars some Māori began a strategy of passive resistance (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_resistance), most famously at Parihaka (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parihaka) in Taranaki. Others continued co-operating with Pākehā. For example, tourism ventures were established by Te Arawa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Arawa) around Rotorua (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua). Resisting and co-operating iwi both found that the Pākehā desire for land had not gone away. In the last decades of the century most iwi lost substantial amounts of land through the activities of the Native Land Court (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Land_Court). This was set up to give Māori land European-style titles and to establish exactly who owned it. Due to its Eurocentric (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocentric) rules, the high fees, its location remote from the lands in question, and unfair practices by many Pākehā land agents, its main effect was to directly or indirectly separate Māori from their land.
The combinations of war, confiscations, disease, land loss leading to poor housing and alcohol abuse, and general disillusionment, caused a fall in the Māori population from around 86,000 in 1769 to around 70,000 in 1840 and around 48,000 by 1874, hitting a low point of 42,000 in 1896.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-population-10) Subsequently their numbers began to recover.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=11)] South Island

While the North Island (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island) was convulsed by the Land Wars (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Land_Wars), the South Island, with its low Māori population, was generally peaceful. In 1861 gold was discovered at Gabriel's Gully (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Gully) in Central Otago (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Otago), sparking a gold rush (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Otago_Gold_Rush). Dunedin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin) became the wealthiest city in the country and many in the South Island resented financing the North Island’s wars. In 1865 Parliament voted on a Bill (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%28proposed_law%29) to make the South Island independent: it was defeated 17 to 31.
The South Island contained most of the Pākehā population until around 1900 when the North Island again took the lead and has supported an ever greater majority of the country's total population through the 20th century (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_century) and into the 21st.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=12)] 1890s

Major changes occurred during this decade. The economy—based on wool and local trade—changed to the export of frozen meat and dairy products to Britain (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland). This change was enabled by the invention of refrigerated (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration) shipping that allowed foodstuff to be transported over long distances. Refrigerated shipping remained the basis of New Zealand’s economy (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand%E2%80%99s_economy&action=edit&redlink=1) until the 1970s. The high price of skim milk powder and butter in the 21st century has returned the economy to those products again.
The decade also saw the advent of party politics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_politics) with the establishment of the First Liberal government (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Liberal_Government_of_New_Zealand). This government established the basis of the welfare state (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state), with old age pensions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_age_pensions), developed a system for settling industrial disputes, which was accepted by both employers and unions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union), and in 1893 extended voting rights to women (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand), making New Zealand the first country in the world to enact universal female suffrage (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage).

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=13)] Dominion and Realm

Main article: Independence of New Zealand (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/Poster_australia_NZ_1788_1911_shepherd_1923.png/500px-Poster_australia_NZ_1788_1911_shepherd_1923.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Poster_australia_NZ_1788_1911_shepherd_1923. png) http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Poster_australia_NZ_1788_1911_shepherd_1923. png)
Historical map of Australia and New Zealand, 1788-1911.


New Zealand decided against joining the Commonwealth of Australia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia) in 1901 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901), and instead changed from being a colony (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony) to a separate "dominion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion)" in 1907, equal in status to Australia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) and Canada (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada).

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=14)] First World War

Main article: Military history of New Zealand in World War I (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_in_World_War_I)
The country remained an enthusiastic member of the British Empire (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire), and many New Zealanders fought in World War I (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I) (see New Zealand Expeditionary Force (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Expeditionary_Force)). New Zealand forces took Western Samoa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Samoa) from Germany (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) in the early stages of the war, and New Zealand administered the country until Samoan Independence in 1962.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=15)] Depression

Like most other countries, New Zealand was hard hit by the Great Depression (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression) of the 1930s, which affected the country via its international trade, with farming export drops then going on to affect the money supply and in turn consumption, investment and imports. The country was most affected around 1930-1932, when average farm incomes for a short time dipped below zero, and the unemployment rates peaked. Though actual unemployment numbers were not officially counted, the country was affected especially strongly in the North Island.[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-NZHA79-11)
Unlike later years, there were no public benefit ('dole') payments - the unemployed were given 'relief work', much of which was however not very productive, partly because the size of the problem was unprecedented. Women also increasingly registered as unemployed, while Maori received government help through other channels such as the land development schemes organised by Apirana Ngata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apirana_Ngata). In 1933, 8.5% of the unemployed were organised in work camps, while the rest received work close to their homes. Typical occupations in relief work were road work (undertaken by 45% of all part-time and 19% of all full-time relief workers in 1934, with park improvement works (17%) and farm work (31%) being the other two most common types of work for part-time and full-time relief workers respectively).[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-NZHA79-11)
Attempts by the conservative Liberal-Reform coalition (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal-Reform_coalition) to deal with the situation with spending cuts and relief work were ineffective and unpopular. In 1935, the First Labour Government (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand) was elected, and the post-depression decade showed that average Labour support in New Zealand had roughly doubled comparable to pre-depression times. By 1935 economic conditions had improved somewhat, and the new government had more positive financial conditions,[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-NZHA79-11) under which it established a full welfare state (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state), which included free health care and education and state assistance for the elderly, infirm, and unemployed. The programme was retained and expanded by successive National (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_of_New_Zealand) and Labour governments.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=16)] Second World War

Main article: Military history of New Zealand#Second World War 1939-1945 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand#Second_World_War_1 939-1945)
When World War II (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) broke out, New Zealand again contributed many troops. They mostly fought in Europe, relying on the Royal Navy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy) and later the United States (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) to protect New Zealand from the Japanese forces, who never reached as far as the New Zealand mainland except with some highly publicised but essentially ineffective scouting incursions. The cooperation with the United States meanwhile set a direction of policy which resulted in the ANZUS (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZUS) Treaty between New Zealand, America and Australia in 1951, which was to hold until disagreements over nuclear armaments decades later.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=17)] Urbanisation and the Māori

Many Māori fought in World War II, and many others moved from their rural homes to the cities to take up jobs vacated by Pākehā servicemen.[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-NZHA91-12) The shift to the cities was also caused by their strong birth rates in the early twentieth century, with the existing rural farms in Māori ownership having increasing difficulty in providing enough jobs.[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-NZHA91-12) Māori culture had meanwhile undergone a renaissance thanks in part to politician Apirana Ngata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apirana_Ngata). World War II saw the beginning of a mass Māori migration to the cities, and by the 1980s 80% of the Māori population was urban, in contrast to only 20% before the war. The migration led to better pay, standards of living and education for most Māori, but also exposed problems of racism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism) and discrimination. By the late 1960s, a protest movement had emerged to combat racism, promote Māori culture and seek fulfillment of the Treaty of Waitangi.
The urbanisation of the country was far from restricted to the Māori. In the late 1940s, town planners noted that the country was "possibly the third most urbanised country in the world", with two thirds of the population living in cities or towns. There was also increasing concern that this trend was badly managed, with it being noted that there was an "ill-defined urban pattern that appears to have few of the truly desirable urban qualities and yet manifests no compensating rural characteristics."[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-13)

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=18)] Post-war

The Māori protest movement was just one of several movements which emerged at this time to challenge the conservatism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism) of mainstream New Zealand culture. This culture, and the country's economy, was based on being an offshoot of Britain. From the 1890s, the economy had been based almost entirely on the export of frozen meat and dairy products to Britain, and in 1961, the share of New Zealand exports going to the United Kingdom was still at slightly over 51%, with approximately 15% more going to other European countries.[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand#cite_note-NZHA100-14) This system was irreparably damaged by Britain joining the European Economic Community (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community) in 1973. Britain's accession to the European Community forced New Zealand to not only find new markets, but also re-examine its national identity and place in the world.
Robert Muldoon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Muldoon), Prime Minister from 1975 to 1984, and his Third National government (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_National_Government_of_New_Zealand) responded to the crises of the 1970s by attempting to preserve the New Zealand of the 1950s. His conservatism and antagonistic style helped create an atmosphere of conflict in New Zealand, most violently expressed during the 1981 Springbok Tour (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Springbok_Tour). Some innovations did take place, for example the Closer Economic Relations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations) agreement with Australia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia), and in 1983 the term "dominion" was replaced with "realm" by letters patent.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=19)] Reform

In 1984, the Fourth Labour government (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand) was elected. Propelled into office amid a constitutional and economic crisis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_constitutional_crisis%2C_1984), the new government embarked on a policy of restructuring, known as Rogernomics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogernomics). This involved floating the New Zealand dollar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar), cutting government spending, reducing most taxes and introducing a sales tax (GST (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_%28New_Zealand%29)), and removing almost all industry subsidies (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidies). Although many of these changes improved the economy, they also created widespread unemployment (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment), which was made worse by the 1987 stock market crash (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_stock_market_crash).
The Fourth Labour Government also revolutionised New Zealand's foreign policy, making the country a nuclear-free zone (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_nuclear-free_zone) and effectively leaving the ANZUS alliance. Immigration policy was liberalised, allowing an influx of immigrants from Asia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia). Previously most immigrants to New Zealand had been European and especially British, apart from some migrants from other Pacific Islands such as Samoa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa). Other fourth Labour government innovations included greater recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi through the Waitangi Tribunal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal), Homosexual Law Reform (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual_Law_Reform_Act_1986), the Constitution Act 1986 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Act_1986) and the New Zealand Bill of Rights (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Bill_of_Rights_Act).
Unhappy with the speed and extent of reforms, voters elected a National government (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand) in 1990, led by Jim Bolger (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bolger). However the new government continued the economic reforms of the previous Labour government. Unhappy with what seemed to be a pattern of governments failing to reflect the mood of the electorate, New Zealanders voted to change the electoral system to Mixed Member Proportional (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_Member_Proportional) (MMP), a form of proportional representation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation). New Zealand's first MMP election (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_general_election%2C_1996) was held in 1996. Following the election National was returned to power in coalition with the New Zealand First (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_First) Party.

[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=20)] New Zealand today

The Fifth Labour government (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand) led by Helen Clark (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Clark) was elected in 1999 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_general_election%2C_1999) and still governs. It has maintained most of the previous governments' economic reforms - restricting government intervention in the economy much more so than previous governments - while putting more of an emphasis on social policy and outcomes. For example, employment law has been modified to give more protection to workers, and the student loan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_loan) system has been changed to eliminate interest payments for New Zealand resident students and graduates.
New Zealand retains strong but informal links to Britain, with many young New Zealanders travelling to Britain for their "OE" (overseas experience (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_experience)) due to favourable working visa arrangements with Britain. Despite New Zealand's immigration liberalisation in the 1980s, Britons are still the largest group of migrants to New Zealand, due in part to recent immigration law changes which privilege fluent speakers of English. A few constitutional links to Britain remain - the New Zealand Sovereign (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_in_New_Zealand) is a British resident, for example. However, British imperial honours were discontinued in 1996, the Governor-General has taken a more active role in representing New Zealand overseas, and appeals from the Court of Appeal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Court_of_Appeal) to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council) were replaced by a local Supreme Court of New Zealand (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand) in 2003. From time to time there is public debate about whether New Zealand should become a republic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand), and public sentiment is divided on the issue.
Foreign policy has been essentially independent since the mid 1980s. New Zealand contributed troops to the Afghanistan War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001-present%29), but did not contribute troops to the Iraq War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War) although some medical and engineering units were sent.
For a developed country, New Zealand's economy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand) is still very dependent on farming, although the old trinity of meat, dairy and wool has been supplemented by fruit, wine, timber and other products. Tourism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand) is a major industry, and the country has been successful in attracting several major film productions, most notably the Lord of the Rings (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings) trilogy, directed by New Zealander Peter Jackson (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson), which in turn bolstered New Zealand's tourism image.

[comrade stalin guevara]

Didn't they plan to limit Maori rights not too long ago? New Zeland doesn't seem as fucked up as Australia though.

Yes they did,
in australia if you run over a aboriginal it dont matter as they are considerd
un-human

[RHIZOMES]

Yeah Australia is way worse than NZ. But I see what you're saying, especially this "Maoris get special treatment" rubbish.

[Black Dagger]

Yes they did,
in australia if you run over a aboriginal it dont matter as they are considerd
un-human

That's not true of australia in 2008 - certainly australia has a history of gross racism - but it's not as bad that [the above] anymore. That said, the amount of Black deaths in custody remains scandalous.

[Bilan]

That's not true of australia in 2008 - certainly australia has a history of gross racism - but it's not as bad that [the above] anymore. That said, the amount of Black deaths in custody remains scandalous.

No, but the arrest rate is obscenely high - it's something like 50% higher; and the incarceration rate is scandalous; and Indigenous communities are under constant attack by police, such as Redfern; and others are completely neglected by both the pigs, but more importantly, by the government.

I know you know. ;)

[comrade stalin guevara]

they [aboriginals] are under increaseing attack now
because the maori protest movement have shown them how to achive rights,
and the aussie govt doesent know how to deal with it

now though the new labour govt at least will acknowleage there rights.

[gla22]

When i lived in New Zealand i didn't see any of that hatred you speak of. We sang maori songs in elementary school and stuff. But that is horrible that it is happening now. Some of the maoris get tattoo on their face, you aren't going to get a good job with one of those.

[Black Dagger]

they [aboriginals] are under increaseing attack now
because the maori protest movement have shown them how to achive rights,
and the aussie govt doesent know how to deal with it

Maori have a long history of political struggle but so do Indigenous peoples in australia - i dunno what gives you the impression that the Maori protest movement is some kind leading force or influence in oz.

[comrade stalin guevara]

When i see the australian protest,
theres a maori flag around somewhere
same as maori protest theres an aboriginal flag somewhere
we definetly have made an impact,

If you are not a native recovering from colonialisim this thread wont make sense
to you.

[Mujer Libre]

When i see the australian protest,
theres a maori flag around somewhere
same as maori protest theres an aboriginal flag somewhere
we definetly have made an impact,

Sure, and that mutual solidarity is great, but that doesn't make this statement true:

because the maori protest movement have shown them how to achive rights,
since it implies a one-way flow of inspiration and knowledge. Indigenous people in Australia have been pushing for rights and autonomy for a LONG time, as BD said.


If you are not a native recovering from colonialisim this thread wont make sense
to you. That sounds like a bit of a cop-out to me...

[comrade stalin guevara]

Yes that statement was wrong,
socialist know what this is about.

[Bilan]

since it implies a one-way flow of inspiration and knowledge. Indigenous people in Australia have been pushing for rights and autonomy for a LONG time, as BD said.
.

A very long time. There's not been a time in Australian history when they haven't been.
Maoris, however, were luckier in a sense, mainly due to the fact that they weren't slapped with the disgusting Terra Nullius concept, because they had recognizable forms of "society" (permanent structures, etc), whist australian indigenous mob were.

The difference in struggle, and understanding of struggle, comes from a difference in what occurred. Despite their close proximities, the NZ and Australian history of Indigenous struggle is vastly different, though the demands have remained similar.

Neither is 'leading' the other - though, in forms of gains, Maoris are certainly a head, but that again is of historical significance, rather than better and stronger struggles.

[RHIZOMES]

I agree with Mujer Libre, Black & Red, etc. The Maori are better off because of different historical circumstances to the Aborigines, not because of a stronger movement. Although they are definitely better off now then when NZ was first colonized due to the aforementioned movement.

[comrade stalin guevara]

If money is not the way,
give us our fucking country back!

Money isint the way,
but what is comrade?

[comrade stalin guevara]

The Remaining Maori of Aotearoa New Zealand

Robbed, Oppressed and Condemned to Double the Rates of Drug Addiction, Mental Illness, Suicide

It is a further consequence of this extraordinary record of expropriation and deprivation that there is not one hectare of Taranaki land that is now held entirely on Maori terms and by Maori rules. All that could have been done was done to destroy the land base for Maori autonomy and representation. In the governance of the Taranaki province, since the Treaty of Waitangi was signed, land has been reserved for the bush and the birds but not one acre could be guaranteed as a haven for Maori. (http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/%7Esai/tar3.html)


1840
Maori owned 66,400,000 acres of land [Maori population stood at about 250,000]

1841
Land Claims Ordinance stated that lands not actually occupied or used by the Maori belonged to the Crown. This contradicted Article 2 of the Treaty

1844
Governor Fitzroy dropped the pre-emption clause in Article 2 of the Treaty and allowed private sales to take place.

1846
Governor Grey abolished the Protectorate Department, which had the responsibility of protecting Maori rights, and gave the New Zealand Company the exclusive right of pre-emption.


1852
Maori ownership of land reduced to 34,000,000 acres.
In the 12 years since 1840 almost half of the Maori owned land had been lost.


1852
Constitution Act:
Saw the establishment of Provincial Government. Only males over 21 who had individual title to property of a certain value were entitled to vote. Very few Maori males were able to do so.

1859
Te Ati Awa Chief Teira sold the Governor land at Waiata without seeking the agreement of the other chiefs who had an interest in the land, especially the Senior Chief Wiremu Kingi. This was a breach of the Treaty’s land guarantee.


1860
Maori Owned Land reduced to 21,4000,000 acres


1861
[The Bank of New South Wales, now Westpac Banking Corporation, opened 7 branches in New Zealand. ]


1862
Native Lands Act:
Designed to break down Maori communal ownership of land. A land court was set up to individualise title. An ammendment to the act meant that Maori owners could sell to anyone. This breached the pre-emption clause in Article 2.


1863
Governor Grey invades the Waikato region.
Suppression of Rebellion Act:
No right to trial before imprisonment. Its intention was to punish “certain aboriginal tribes of the colony” for rebelling against the Crown.


New Zealand Settlement Act:
Over three million acres of Maori land was confiscated to pay for the war.


1864
Native Reserves Act:
All remaining land reserved for Maori use was put under settler control.


1865
Native Land Court
Designed to determine ownership. Maori owners had to spend many months in town waiting to have their cases heard. If they did not show up they lost the right to the land. This caused many of them to build up huge debts and they had to sell a lot of their land to pay for them. Maori owners had to pay for any surveying work that had to be done. Many Maori owners sold land rather than go through the humiliating experience of the Land Court sitting.


1866
Between 1865 and 1875, 10 million acres of land was lost by Maori

Oyster Fisheries Act:
Prevented Maori from fishing commercially. Maori commercial fishing enterprises at the time went broke and they had to sell land to meet their debts.


1867
Maori Representation Act:
Four Maori seats in Parliament erstablished. A response to Pakeha fear that Maori who by now had a majority under the property qualification clause of the 1852 Constitution Act in a number of electorates could gain a majority in Government.


1867
The Native Schools Act:
Was passed extending the parameters of the 1858 Act. These schools would assist in the process of assimilation.

1869
A new Maori version of the Treaty was requested by the Government. “Kawanatanga” in Article 1 is replaced by “nga mana Katoa o te Rangatiratanga”.

1871
A Government stipulation that instruction in Native Schools had to be in English.


1877
The Treaty is declared a nullity by Judge Prendergast in the Bishop of Wellington v Wi Parata case. Legislation was introduced to allow direct purchase of Maori land. This was another breach of Article 2,

1879
An amendment by Grey of the Native Land Act made it easier for small farmers to get Maori land. The Government sabotaged the Commission that was set up to investigate land confiscation in Taranaki.


1879
Peace Preservation Bill:
One year’s hard labour for Maori people who refused to leave their abodes.


1880
Maori Prisoners’ Act:
200 Maori arrested in Taranaki for preventing the surveying of confiscated land. Kept in prison for an indefinite period without trial.


1880
West Coast Settlement Act:
Any Maori in Taranaki could be arrested without a warrant and jailed for two years with hard labour if they built anything or in any way hindered the surveying or property.


1881
Native Reserves Act:
The control of Maori reserves is taken over by the Public Trustee.

1881
2500 troops invade Parihaka and Te Whiti the prophet is arrested.


1886
Native Lands Administration Act:
Rejected the traditional right of communal ownership. Maori land was given over to small groups of trustees who had the right under this act to sell it.

1886
Te Whiti was re-arrested (under the West Coast Preservation Act of 1881) without warrant, charge or trial and jailed for three months.


1887
Native Land Act:
Large scale direct purchase of Maori land. Bastion Point, Auckland appropriated for defence purposes.


1891
Maori Land stood at 11,079,486 Acres [By the 1890s the Maori population had been decimated by the British settlers. In less than 50 years the Maori population was reduced from about 250,000 to less than 42,000.]

1892
The Native Department was abolished.


1893
Native Land Purchase and Acquisition Act:
Designed to speed up the purchase of Maori Land.


1894
Advances to Settlers Act:
Low interest loans made available to white settlers to buy land from the Government.

Native Land Court Act:
Names on the Certificate of Title were deemed trustees or beneficial owners.



Validation of Invalid Land Sales Act:
Any Pakeha misdealings concerning Maori land were legitimised.


1894
Maori Land Settlement Act:
Maori land was put under the control of Land Councils. There was no Maori representation. The settler population had increased and so had their desire for land.

1897
92 Maori in Taranaki were arrested for ploughing land in protest of Public Trustee control of their lands.

1903
An act re-affirms Judge Prendergast’s 1877 ruling that the Treaty is a nullity.

1905
The abolition of Native Councils (they had slowed down the Government’s land purchases).

1905-8
There were amendments to the Native Land Act which forced further sales of Maori land.


1908
Tohunga Suppression Act:
Penalties were imposed on tohunga (experts in Maori medicine and Maori spirituality).


1909
Native Land Act:** (http://msrb.wordpress.com/indigens/the-remaining-maori-of-aotearoa-new-zealand/#Correction#Correction)
Maori could no longer use the whangai system for adopting children. The Act was to prevent the adoption by Maori of Pakeha children.


1911
Maori land now amounted to 7,137,205 acres

1918
Maori servicemen who returned after WWI were not eligible for the benefits of the Rehabilitation Scheme. The scheme was only available to Pakeha servicemen.


1920
Maori land reduced to 4,787,686 acres

1923
Wiremu Tahopotiki Ratana was snubbed when he took Treaty grievances to King George.

1932
Ratana M.I.’s present petition with 30,000 signatures calling for ratification of the Treaty. It was ignored. Maori received half the unemployment benefit given to the Pakeha. A single Maori received 7s 6d and a Pakeha 15s.


1939
Maori land reduced to 4,028,903 acres.


1953
Maori Affairs Act:
If Maori land was not occupied or being used then it was declared “waste land” and taken by the Government.


1953
Town and Country Planning Act:
Prevented Maori from building on their land. This forced many Maori to move from rural areas to the cities.


1960
The Hunn Report:
Jack Hunn, a top-ranking civil servant, recommended a stepping up of the assimilation process.


1967
Maori Affairs Amendment Act:
Maori trustee had the right to ask individuals to sell their interest to the Government. Land owned by fewer than four Maori people had to be put under one title.


1967
Rating Act:
Maori freehold land subject to rates.


1975
Maori land reduced to 3,000,000 acres

1986
The Crown created a property right with the introduction of a fisheries quota system. A breach of Article 2.


1990
Maori Fisheries Act:
Re-definition of an important part of Article 2, which guarantees Maori “full exclusive possession of the Lands and Estates, Forest, Fisheries”. By 31st October 1992 Maori are granted 10% of the fishing quota. The Government has re-defined full as 10%. A further breach of the Treaty agreement.
**Correction: replaces 1909 Native Health Act , the original incorrect citation.
Sourced from: http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~sai/Tr_violn.html (http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/%7Esai/Tr_violn.html)

Comments:

A Call to World Citizens, Ethical Investors and New Zealanders with a Social Conscience to Boycott Westpac NZ
Maori owned 66,400,000 acres of land in 1840. Maori population stood at about 250,000. Two generations later, by 1891, the Maori Land was reduced to one sixth of the original holding (11,079,486 Acres) and so was Maori population, decimated by Pakeha (white Europeans) to 42,000.
The Bank of New South Wales, later Westpac Banking Corporation, opened 7 branches in New Zealand in 1861, which facilitated and was enormously enriched by the theft of Maori land, gold and all other resources. Westpac is now New Zealand’s largest bank, with 30,000 shareholders. Apply Pareto’s Principle, the 80/20 rule, and the number of major shareholders who own more than 80 percent of the wealth in NZ falls below 6,000. [In practice the number is probably much smaller.]
Surely such grand larceny of unimaginable proportions cannot and must not be allowed to stand. The flow of wealth must be reversed, and Maori grievances must be redressed. But how do you compensate a People for the pillage, rape and murder of nearly one quarter of a million of their nation? How would you determine the value of a single human life? What compensation could you possibly offer to a People who have been victimized and subjected to more than one and a half century of murder, repression, injustice and dispossession?
Nothing can fully compensate for the loss of a loved one, let alone a quarter of a million loved ones. You can never undo the atrocities of the militarized foreign aggressors perpetrated against Maori, or world’s other indigenous Peoples. However, there are measures that can and must be taken to redress at least some of their grievances.
MSRB is launching a campaign calling on world citizens, ethical investors, foreign and domestic, and New Zealanders with a social conscience to boycott Westpac Banking Corporation until such time the bank and their shareholders have compensated Maori and other deprived New Zealanders as follows:
1. Return to Maori the 66,400,000 acres of land that they possessed in 1840.
2. Transfer to Maori as a means of reparation forty percent (40%) of the money and all other assets held by Westpac New Zealand and their major shareholders.
3. Create a substantial fund comprising of at least forty percent (40%) of the money and all other assets held by Westpac Banking Corporation and their major shareholders to help alleviate the widespread suffering of the deprived New Zealand children [see notes below] and their families, which is created by the minority greed and predatory banking practices.
4. STOP predatory banking practices, aided by utterly corrupt government and judiciary.

[Saorsa]

Didn't they plan to limit Maori rights not too long ago?

No. They didn't. Racism exists in NZ, Maori and Pacific Islanders are oppressed ethnic minority groups, but it is nothing at all like America in the 60s or whatever. The ruling class largely doesn't need to promote racism against Maori anymore - indeed, it's embraced Maori culture, as can be seen by the fact that we've just had a Maori language week where all the TV presenters chucked Te Reo Maori words into their sentences and started and finished their presentations with streams of Maori they'd memorised previously, and didn't understand in the slightest.


How is this a reflection of the "subliminal racism" you think is around us?

If you deny that subliminal racism is all around us in New Zealand, spend some time in my high school. You'll be cured of that little illusion pretty damn quick.

But there's more to this statistic than just racism - poverty and social deprivation, alienation from Pakeha-dominated capitalist society, an ingrained culture of hopelessness promoted by generations of ill treatment.


Again, there are other factors contributing to this.

True, but racism is one of them.


I agree the Maori were hard done by when colonisation occured, but surely there comes a time when payouts are no longer justified, you must be about the 6-7th generation after colonisation? And is money the best way to apologise for what has been done.

This paragraph stinks of the uneducated, backwoods "us Pakehas are so hard done by" argument we see all too often in New Zealand.

It's not like the arrival of European settlers was the only catastrophic event that ever happened to Maori and they've had generations to recover from this.

Maori oppression has been systematically maintained for a long time, and only really began to be lifted towards the end of the 20th century, to be gradually replaced by a more universally class based oppression that nonetheless targets Maoris and PIs more than their Pakeha counterparts.

There's some unintentional truth to what you're saying in that the whole Waitangi Tribunal system of handing out money to iwis (tribes) is not about the capitalist state actually improving the lot of all Maori (and poor white people too). Instead, it's about creating a tribal capitalist class, "Iwi capitalism", and the creation of a Maori middle class. The US ruling class initiated similar "step-up" programs following the Civil rights movement.

Some Maori are pushed up into the middle class, and even turned into full blown capitalists, while the majority are left to rot.

The solution to the problem is not to invent a non-existent "Maori nation", and push the idea that poor brown people need to unite with wealthy brown people. The solution is to struggle to unite brown workers with white workers, and workers of all other colours, in the struggle against the common class enemy.

[comrade stalin guevara]

Thanks comrade alistair,
and sorry about my comment i was angry

How you know what i mean is a true statement on your intelligence,
and your only 16,

Tino pai comrade.

[comrade stalin guevara]

I think every one should come here,
when it comes to maori i can get nationalistic
you are not maori so you wouldent understand

That comment was because you pissed me off, sorry.

[comrade stalin guevara]

MR Black Dogger has not given proff
so i wont be silenced yet,
to be communist is to fight injustice against the people.

As for the maori thing mate you are being exactly what im talking about ignorant
you are trying to hide your true meaning with leftist views:)