spartan
11th June 2008, 00:29
Commercial criteria: Corporation
Purpose: a) To earn profit for owner, to increase value of shares.
Organization: a) Organized and controlled by investors.
b) Incorporated under relevant incorporation laws - varies by country.
c) Except for closely held companies anyone may buy stocks.
d) Stock may be traded in the public market.
Ownership: a) Stockholders.
Control: a) By investors.
b) Policies set by stockholders or board of directors.
c) Voting on basis of shares held.
d) Proxy voting permitted.
Sources of capital: a) Investors, banks, pension funds, the public.
b) From profitable subsidiaries or by retaining all or part of the profits.
Distribution of net margin: a) To stockholders on the basis of number of shares owned.
Capital dividends: a) No limit, amount set by owner or board of directors.
Operating practices: a) Owners or managers order production schedules and set wages and hours, sometimes with union participation.
b) Working conditions determined by labour law and collective bargaining.
Tax treatment: a) Subject to normal corporate taxes.
Commercial criteria: State owned enterprise
Purpose: a) To provide goods and services for Citizens.
Organization: a) Organized and controlled by state.
b) Chartered by relevant level of government.
c) No stock.
d) n/a
Ownership: a) State.
Control: a) By state.
b) Policy set by government planners.
c) n/a
d) n/a
Sources of capital: a) The state.
Distribution of net margin: a) To the state.
Capital dividends: a) n/a
Operating practices: a) Managers order production schedules and set wages and hours, sometimes with union participation.
b) Working condition determined by labour law and collective bargaining.
Tax treatment: a) n/a
Commercial criteria: Worker cooperative
Purpose: a) To maximize net and real worth of all owners.
Organization: a) Organized and controlled by worker-members.
b) Incorporated under relevant incorporation rules - varies by country.
c) Only worker-members may own stock, one share per member.
d) No public sale of stock.
Ownership: a) Worker members.
Control: a) By worker members.
b) Policy set by directors elected by worker-members, or by assembly of worker-members.
c) One person, one vote.
d) Proxy votes seldom allowed.
Sources of capital: a) By members or lenders who have no equity or vote.
b) From net earnings, a portion of which are set aside for reinvestment.
Distribution of net margin: a) To members after funds are set aside for reserves and allocated to a collective amount.
Capital dividends: a) Limited to an intrest-like percentage set by policy.
Operating practices: a) Workers set production schedules either through elected boards and appointed managers or directly
through assemblies.
b) Working conditions determind by labour law and assembly of worker-members, or internal dialouge between members and managers.
Tax treatment: a) Special tax treatment in some jurisdictions.
Purpose: a) To earn profit for owner, to increase value of shares.
Organization: a) Organized and controlled by investors.
b) Incorporated under relevant incorporation laws - varies by country.
c) Except for closely held companies anyone may buy stocks.
d) Stock may be traded in the public market.
Ownership: a) Stockholders.
Control: a) By investors.
b) Policies set by stockholders or board of directors.
c) Voting on basis of shares held.
d) Proxy voting permitted.
Sources of capital: a) Investors, banks, pension funds, the public.
b) From profitable subsidiaries or by retaining all or part of the profits.
Distribution of net margin: a) To stockholders on the basis of number of shares owned.
Capital dividends: a) No limit, amount set by owner or board of directors.
Operating practices: a) Owners or managers order production schedules and set wages and hours, sometimes with union participation.
b) Working conditions determined by labour law and collective bargaining.
Tax treatment: a) Subject to normal corporate taxes.
Commercial criteria: State owned enterprise
Purpose: a) To provide goods and services for Citizens.
Organization: a) Organized and controlled by state.
b) Chartered by relevant level of government.
c) No stock.
d) n/a
Ownership: a) State.
Control: a) By state.
b) Policy set by government planners.
c) n/a
d) n/a
Sources of capital: a) The state.
Distribution of net margin: a) To the state.
Capital dividends: a) n/a
Operating practices: a) Managers order production schedules and set wages and hours, sometimes with union participation.
b) Working condition determined by labour law and collective bargaining.
Tax treatment: a) n/a
Commercial criteria: Worker cooperative
Purpose: a) To maximize net and real worth of all owners.
Organization: a) Organized and controlled by worker-members.
b) Incorporated under relevant incorporation rules - varies by country.
c) Only worker-members may own stock, one share per member.
d) No public sale of stock.
Ownership: a) Worker members.
Control: a) By worker members.
b) Policy set by directors elected by worker-members, or by assembly of worker-members.
c) One person, one vote.
d) Proxy votes seldom allowed.
Sources of capital: a) By members or lenders who have no equity or vote.
b) From net earnings, a portion of which are set aside for reinvestment.
Distribution of net margin: a) To members after funds are set aside for reserves and allocated to a collective amount.
Capital dividends: a) Limited to an intrest-like percentage set by policy.
Operating practices: a) Workers set production schedules either through elected boards and appointed managers or directly
through assemblies.
b) Working conditions determind by labour law and assembly of worker-members, or internal dialouge between members and managers.
Tax treatment: a) Special tax treatment in some jurisdictions.