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Janus
2nd August 2006, 09:53
Even though we have all read both chapter 4 and 5, I felt that two threads should be made in case people wanted to discuss specific issues from one of the chapters.

By the way, we might as well move all our discussions to Wednesday.

Anyways, on topic.

So, in this chapter Lenin discusses the export of capital and the investment of it in foreign countries. Capitalism is creating a global market for its own profit as well as to accelerate its development in other countries.

Furthermore, capitalist nations use loans in order to bind foreign nations to themselves by forcing them to grant subsidiesand other favorable concessions.

Feel free to comment on anything from chapter 4 here.

I don't have a lot of time right now so I'm gonna come back and comment on certain parts later. If you would like to comment on something from chapter 5, feel free to start a new thread. :)

Amusing Scrotum
2nd August 2006, 12:31
Here's the link to Chapter 4. (http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/ch04.htm#v22zz99h-240-GUESS)

Really, what perhaps struck me most early on in this Chapter, was how a sort of mistake by Lenin when combined with a certain interpretation of Lenin, gives a certain amount of credibility, from a Leninist perspective, to MIMish analysis. What I'm referring to here, is the following:


Originally posted by Lenin+--> (Lenin)It goes without saying that if capitalism could develop agriculture, which today is everywhere lagging terribly behind industry, if it could raise the living standards of the masses, who in spite of the amazing technical progress are everywhere still half-starved and poverty-stricken, there could be no question of a surplus of capital. This “argument” is very often advanced by the petty-bourgeois critics of capitalism. But if capitalism did these things it would not be capitalism; for both uneven development and a semi-starvation level of existence of the masses are fundamental and inevitable conditions and constitute premises of this mode of production.[/b]

Whilst it's true that a vast amount of people are "half-starved and poverty-stricken", this is not universal....at least the "half-starved" bit. It seems to me that Lenin, thinking that the capitalist system was about to end, discounted the possibility that workers could struggle for better conditions....and, in some cases, win these struggles.

So indeed in some areas, capitalism actually has managed to break the "fundamental and inevitable conditions" Lenin attributes to it. And whilst some, in line with a certain interpretation of Lenin, would conclude that this has led to fundamental change in the capitalist structure, the emergence of a massive labour aristocracy, the truth, to me anyway, seems a lot more simple.

In my opinion, due to the historical era Lenin lived in, he simply didn't have all the relevant facts. That is, he lived before the major age of reform....and, therefore, his characterisations of capitalism are not completely sound. Meaning that MIMish analysis, rather than being based on Lenin's accuracy, is actually based on Lenin's mistake.


Lenin
The export of capital influences and greatly accelerates the development of capitalism in those countries to which it is exported.

Really?

It seems to me that Imperialist meddling often tends to retard development in these countries. That is, the way in which capital is exported and then returned, leads directly to the underdevelopment of the exported country. But maybe it was different in Lenin's time?

Led Zeppelin
2nd August 2006, 12:35
Originally posted by Armchair Socialism+Aug 2 2006, 09:32 AM--> (Armchair Socialism @ Aug 2 2006, 09:32 AM)
Lenin
The export of capital influences and greatly accelerates the development of capitalism in those countries to which it is exported.

Really?

It seems to me that Imperialist meddling often tends to retard development in these countries. That is, the way in which capital is exported and then returned, leads directly to the underdevelopment of the exported country. But maybe it was different in Lenin's time? [/b]
India? China?

It seems to me you're also nitpicking Lenin for errors....oh well, keep up the good work!

Amusing Scrotum
2nd August 2006, 12:58
Originally posted by Marxism-Leninism+Aug 2 2006, 09:36 AM--> (Marxism-Leninism @ Aug 2 2006, 09:36 AM)
Originally posted by Armchair [email protected] 2 2006, 09:32 AM

Lenin
The export of capital influences and greatly accelerates the development of capitalism in those countries to which it is exported.

Really?

It seems to me that Imperialist meddling often tends to retard development in these countries. That is, the way in which capital is exported and then returned, leads directly to the underdevelopment of the exported country. But maybe it was different in Lenin's time?
India? China? [/b]

I don't see how India supports your point. After all, it's a country with developing Industry but yet, in many places, it lacks things like Plumbing systems. What is that if not a "retardation" of its development?

And, as for China, you seem to have forgotten that for a long time it seriously limited the amount of foreign capital that entered the country. So it's hardly an example in favour of Lenin's thesis.

Led Zeppelin
2nd August 2006, 13:17
Originally posted by AS
I don't see how India supports your point. After all, it's a country with developing Industry but yet, in many places, it lacks things like Plumbing systems. What is that if not a "retardation" of its development?


Of course if you zoom into the state of the country you will find retardation of development, but overall the development of capitalism is greatly accelerated:

Industrial production growth rate:
7.9% (2005 est.)

The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade since 1994, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. India achieved 7.6% GDP growth in 2005, significantly expanding manufacturing.

CIA world factbook India (https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/in.html#Econ)

It is well-known that India is developing to a great extent, I don't see why I should find any more figures to prove this, but if you insist....


And, as for China, you seem to have forgotten that for a long time it seriously limited the amount of foreign capital that entered the country. So it's hardly an example in favour of Lenin's thesis.

Actually it proves his theory more correct. Even with the limited amount of foreign capital it is the fastest growing economy in the world. Are you saying that without the exporting of foreign capital into China, capitalism would have developed by the same extent?

Janus
2nd August 2006, 19:23
Whilst it's true that a vast amount of people are "half-starved and poverty-stricken", this is not universal....at least the "half-starved" bit. It seems to me that Lenin, thinking that the capitalist system was about to end, discounted the possibility that workers could struggle for better conditions....and, in some cases, win these struggles.
Damn! I was gonna comment on that very same passage. :P

But yeah, back in Lenin's time, I suppose the phenomenon of farming corporations had not sprung up yet. Due to these major corporations and the coming of fertilizers and the Green Revolution, much more of the world is well-fed unlike before.

kurt
2nd August 2006, 23:21
Originally posted by Marxism-[email protected] 2 2006, 01:36 AM
India? China?

It seems to me you're also nitpicking Lenin for errors....oh well, keep up the good work!
Not that I disagree, but aren't there a lot of third-world nations which have indeed been retarded by imperialism? Or, maybe I'm just confused.

More Fire for the People
2nd August 2006, 23:41
Originally posted by kurt+Aug 2 2006, 02:22 PM--> (kurt @ Aug 2 2006, 02:22 PM)
Marxism-[email protected] 2 2006, 01:36 AM
India? China?

It seems to me you're also nitpicking Lenin for errors....oh well, keep up the good work!
Not that I disagree, but aren't there a lot of third-world nations which have indeed been retarded by imperialism? Or, maybe I'm just confused. [/b]
Like many African countries.

kurt
2nd August 2006, 23:47
Originally posted by Hopscotch Anthill+Aug 2 2006, 12:42 PM--> (Hopscotch Anthill @ Aug 2 2006, 12:42 PM)
Originally posted by [email protected] 2 2006, 02:22 PM

Marxism-[email protected] 2 2006, 01:36 AM
India? China?

It seems to me you're also nitpicking Lenin for errors....oh well, keep up the good work!
Not that I disagree, but aren't there a lot of third-world nations which have indeed been retarded by imperialism? Or, maybe I'm just confused.
Like many African countries. [/b]
I'm sure I'll get some sort of answer, but perhaps there isn't much capital being exported to said continent.

ComradeOm
3rd August 2006, 00:01
Originally posted by Armchair
In my opinion, due to the historical era Lenin lived in, he simply didn't have all the relevant facts. That is, he lived before the major age of reform....and, therefore, his characterisations of capitalism are not completely sound. Meaning that MIMish analysis, rather than being based on Lenin's accuracy, is actually based on Lenin's mistake.
Lenin wrote this work in 1916. Compared to the conditions of Marx's early works huge reforms had already taken place. Huge victories had been won through the parliamentary process… hence, in part, the appeal of the social democrats to the proletariat. What I think is more accurate here is that Lenin did not appreciate the scale by which imperialism could transform capitalist societies. That is something that is still unfolding today.


It seems to me that Imperialist meddling often tends to retard development in these countries. That is, the way in which capital is exported and then returned, leads directly to the underdevelopment of the exported country. But maybe it was different in Lenin's time?
I'd agree with this… with a disclaimer.

Clearly the West's imperialism has done little if anything to enrich those territories that it fed off. This was a mistake that Marx also made – imperialism does not lead to a proliferation of technology. When Westerners went aboard they were very careful to keep tight control over the tools of their trade. For example, despite building an impressive infrastructure in India, Britain left that nation impoverished and only marginally more advanced than it had previously been.

This is a problem with most Marxists of the time, most of whom never actually lived in a colonial situation. Connolly has some decent writings on how British rule retarded Irish growth. But then he did witness it first hand.

The disclaimer is that today's imperialism involves investing in labour, as opposed to raw materials. Western firms now rely on foreign labour to manufacture their products. As a result we can see the huge strides being made in the Far East, in particular China, where a burgeoning proletariat has drastically enriched both the local and foreign bourgeoisie.

Led Zeppelin
3rd August 2006, 11:44
Originally posted by kurt+Aug 2 2006, 08:22 PM--> (kurt @ Aug 2 2006, 08:22 PM)
Marxism-[email protected] 2 2006, 01:36 AM
India? China?

It seems to me you're also nitpicking Lenin for errors....oh well, keep up the good work!
Not that I disagree, but aren't there a lot of third-world nations which have indeed been retarded by imperialism? Or, maybe I'm just confused. [/b]
Yes, that is true, in Lenin's time however that was not the case, at least, it was not as obvious as it is today.

It [capital] used to be exported to Africa on a high level, so it accelerated the development of capitalism there. If I recall correctly Lenin cites the building of railroads and such in Africa as an example.

After the colonies in Africa gained independence, and even before that, imperialist nations had stopped exporting high quantities of capital to the continent (perhaps with the exception of South-Africa). The reason for this was the rebuilding process in other parts of the world after World War 2, and later on the emergence of a more educated (which in capitalism means; more valuable) proletariat in India, China, Brazil etc.

Basically the vast majority of capital export was directed to those nations, while only a small part was reserved for resource exploitation in Africa, most of South and Central America, and some parts of Asia.

Resource exploitation doesn't require as much capital, and isn't as valuable as, the shifting of production, which is what is causing the economic boom in India, China, Brazil etc.

Socialistpenguin
3rd August 2006, 12:42
Originally posted by Marxism-Leninism+Aug 3 2006, 09:45 AM--> (Marxism-Leninism @ Aug 3 2006, 09:45 AM)
Originally posted by [email protected] 2 2006, 08:22 PM

Marxism-[email protected] 2 2006, 01:36 AM
India? China?

It seems to me you're also nitpicking Lenin for errors....oh well, keep up the good work!
Not that I disagree, but aren't there a lot of third-world nations which have indeed been retarded by imperialism? Or, maybe I'm just confused.
Yes, that is true, in Lenin's time however that was not the case, at least, it was not as obvious as it is today.

It [capital] used to be exported to Africa on a high level, so it accelerated the development of capitalism there. If I recall correctly Lenin cites the building of railroads and such in Africa as an example.

After the colonies in Africa gained independence, and even before that, imperialist nations had stopped exporting high quantities of capital to the continent (perhaps with the exception of South-Africa). The reason for this was the rebuilding process in other parts of the world after World War 2, and later on the emergence of a more educated (which in capitalism means; more valuable) proletariat in India, China, Brazil etc.

Basically the vast majority of capital export was directed to those nations, while only a small part was reserved for resource exploitation in Africa, most of South and Central America, and some parts of Asia.

Resource exploitation doesn't require as much capital, and isn't as valuable as, the shifting of production, which is what is causing the economic boom in India, China, Brazil etc. [/b]
I agree. Capital export does accelerate the development of capitalism, it's basic Marxist economics.

The accumulation of capital lead to the monopoly position of capitalism, (which sets it apart from it's earlier "freee market" stage) ergo development, so the more capital in a given place the higher the development level of capitalism.

Amusing Scrotum
3rd August 2006, 13:01
Originally posted by Marxism-Leninism+--> (Marxism-Leninism)Of course if you zoom into the state of the country you will find retardation of development, but overall the development of capitalism is greatly accelerated:[/b]

Oh, the "overall development of capitalism is greatly accelerated"; how silly of me not to notice. Yet I really don't think you could adequately measure such development through growth figures alone. For instance, according to the CIA factbook, which you linked, the economy of Nigeria has grown by 6.2% [link (https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ni.html)]. However, does that mean that Nigerian capitalism, in general, is developing? Or just that Chevron and friends are now producing more?

Myself, I fail to see how "overall capitalism" can be developing when basic things, like the building of modern cities, remain almost non-existent. And that's the thing about Imperialism, it is perfectly capable of increasing the output of an area, but not, it seems, of doing that in a rounded way....like was the case during early capitalism.

So whilst growth in the Niger Delta may well be booming, that matters little if the growth itself is very limited, as it is, and if said growth fails to expand beyond its narrow horizons. That is, there's more to this than just an increase in commodity production.

Furthermore, from Marx's perspective, capitalist growth was really only important in one way....the growth of a modern proletariat. And, in places like Nigeria, where there is growth, this growth doesn't always mean that a modern proletariat is a given. Not least because the wage-labourers used in many Imperialist businesses don't come from the country where the production takes place....essentially, they're "imported" as well.

So, what type of growth is it that limits itself to a few sectors and fails to expand the size of the proletariat if not retarded growth? I mean, early capitalist growth created vast armies of wage-labourers, yet Imperialist growth doesn't; surely there's a difference? One which, likely, means that the unlimited export of capital ain't a good thing. Unless you wish to contend that the IMF is "historically progressive"? :blink:


Originally posted by Marxism-Leninism+--> (Marxism-Leninism)Are you saying that without the exporting of foreign capital into China, capitalism would have developed by the same extent?[/b]

Dunno myself. However, for sure, I think we can say that if the export of capital into China had been unlimited and unregulated, then the growth of the Chinese economy, in the manner in which it has grown, would not have happened. After all, in order for a well rounded economy to develop, then there needs to be a degree of Protectionism....the type of protectionism that the Imperialist Nations simply don't allow.

Kicking Away the Ladder: How the Economic and Intellectual Histories of Capitalism Have Been Re-Written to Justify Neo-Liberal Capitalism by Ha-Joon Chang (http://www.paecon.net/PAEtexts/Chang1.htm).


Originally posted by Janus
Damn! I was gonna comment on that very same passage. :P

" :P " indeed&#33; <_<


Originally posted by kurt
....but perhaps there isn&#39;t much capital being exported to said continent.

As far as I know, there&#39;s quite a bit of capital being imported into Africa. At least in certain regions.


Originally posted by ComradeOm
Compared to the conditions of Marx&#39;s early works huge reforms had already taken place.

Like what? :huh:

Nationalised Healthcare, the 8 hour work day, Pensions, decent accommodation, the dole, sick pay and so on, all came after Lenin&#39;s expiry date. So, in the 30 year period after Marx died and before Lenin died, what are the major reforms that came into existence?

I mean, when you talk about "the appeal of the social democrats to the proletariat", you seem to forget that in many places, including Britain, social-democracy was in its infancy when Lenin died. Only really in Germany and France could Lenin have witnessed social-democracy in action....and even in these places, unless I&#39;m mistaken, the major reforms still happened after Lenin&#39;s death.


[email protected]
What I think is more accurate here is that Lenin did not appreciate the scale by which imperialism could transform capitalist societies.

Horseshit. Almost a century of solid class struggle has done more to change the face of modern capitalism than Imperialism has. After all, workers have won most of the benefits we have, the bourgeois hasn&#39;t simply "granted" them.

I mean, really, the question I asked you in the first thread on this was important; the question being: is this "privilege" the result of "capitalist bribery" or the gains made by class struggle? There&#39;s two answers to that question....and each of the answers has a whole set of practical positions attached. Practical positions that, essentially, define whether one thinks that the revolutionary option is available.


ComradeOm
The disclaimer is that today&#39;s imperialism involves investing in labour....

They may "invest in labour", but they still do that in a significantly different way. In modern capitalist countries, that is the Imperialist Nations, "investing in labour" involves educating potential labourers, making sure they don&#39;t die of hunger and so on. Sure, many of these things were won by the working class, but the nature of modern capitalism means that the bourgeois is not willing to undo all of these things....even though they probably could, at this point in time.

In countries dominated by Imperialism, "investing in labour" simply means employing people to work long hours for shit pay. Skilled labour is usually imported....and, therefore, the "investment in labour" is not of the same nature.

Whether this will prove to be an important difference, remains unclear. Myself, I think an educated, skilled and confident working class will be crucial if the working class is to effectively rule society. At the very least, these qualities will make it less likely that the working class will allow One Man Management and "Specialists" to be thrust upon them.

Severian
3rd August 2006, 13:18
Originally posted by Armchair [email protected] 2 2006, 03:32 AM
So indeed in some areas, capitalism actually has managed to break the "fundamental and inevitable conditions"
This is your error: that you&#39;re looking at capitalism in particular "areas" in contrast to Lenin who analyzes it as an interconnected world system.

His main point in this paragraph: "As long as capitalism remains what it is, surplus capital will be utilised not for the purpose of raising the standard of living of the masses in a given country, for this would mean a decline in profits for the capitalists, but for the purpose of increasing profits by exporting capital abroad to the backward countries."

That&#39;s certainly still true today - indeed the export of capital has greatly increased - and is being used to undermine the relatively decent living standards of First World workers, among other things. The post-WWII situation proved to be temporary.


It seems to me that Imperialist meddling often tends to retard development in these countries. That is, the way in which capital is exported and then returned, leads directly to the underdevelopment of the exported country

That position isn&#39;t based on an examination of the facts; it was adopted by Redstar in order to arrive at his desired conclusion (opposition to imperialist meddling) while keeping the rest of his doctrines which point to different conclusions.

It also involves a misunderstanding of what imperialist-dominated "underdevelopment" consists of. As Luis Henrique, based on his knowledge of Brazil&#39;s objective conditions, pointed out to Redstar: "understand what "underdevelopment" is. You believe it is a backward stage in a linear model of development. I suppose you would believe England in the first half of the XIX century was "underdeveloped"? That&#39;s not how it works. "Underdevelopment" is a state of political and economical subjection towards the first world." post link (http://www.revolutionaryleft.com/index.php?showtopic=43998&st=125&#entry1292010764) If you scroll up to his post of Jan 26 2006, 11:49 AM - theres a bunch of specific examples of a rather developed, but still profoundly dependent, Brazilian capitalism.

I do think the export of capital had a greater "developing" effect in the past, when many countries were still not primarily capitalist. Read Marx on India, for some data - and consider that even in Lenin&#39;s time, many countries still had a very small or no class of wage-workers.

Even so, the real-world question for countries attempting to develop is not whether foreign investment is desirable - but on what terms to allow it. In that sense, it&#39;s debatable - and much debated - whether greater openness to imperialist investment does further development. It seems to much depend on conditions, and also some countries are hailed as "miracles" of this model for a time only to end in disaster. Argentina&#39;s a good example.

Severian
3rd August 2006, 13:28
Originally posted by Armchair [email protected] 3 2006, 04:02 AM
Myself, I fail to see how "overall capitalism" can be developing when basic things, like the building of modern cities, remain almost non-existent.
And what country is that? Most of the Third World is experiencing massive urban growth. Sprawl, shantytowns, air pollution.....all enormous social problems.

I&#39;m having flashbacks to that thread with Luis Henrique, and the tremendous ignorance of real conditions in the Third World which both you and Redstar displayed there. Apparently you refused to learn anything from that thread, or since - and a precondition for the success of a study group is that everyone has to want to learn.


So whilst growth in the Niger Delta may well be booming, that matters little if the growth itself is very limited, as it is, and if said growth fails to expand beyond its narrow horizons. That is, there&#39;s more to this than just an increase in commodity production.

Capitalism is all about commodity production; earlier systems produced mostly for immediate local consumption - and later systems of course won&#39;t produce commodities at all. Of course this is dependent capitalism.....but it was Lenin who first pointed that out.


Furthermore, from Marx&#39;s perspective, capitalist growth was really only important in one way....the growth of a modern proletariat.

That&#39;s the biggest one, but there are a few others....if you&#39;ll take a moment to read the Communist Manifesto Section I.


And, in places like Nigeria, where there is growth, this growth doesn&#39;t always mean that a modern proletariat is a given. Not least because the wage-labourers used in many Imperialist businesses don&#39;t come from the country where the production takes place....essentially, they&#39;re "imported" as well.

Are you talking about Nigeria, or Saudi Arabia? There have been major strikes by Nigerian oil workers in recent months and years.


So, what type of growth is it that limits itself to a few sectors and fails to expand the size of the proletariat if not retarded growth?

Of course, Luis Henrique also demonstrated this is not a real-world description of dependent Third World capitalism. But enough; this thread&#39;s been derailed too much already. I&#39;m gonna go back to Lenin, since this is one of the more important chapters.

Severian
3rd August 2006, 14:03
Trying to get back on topic here.....

Quotes are from Imperialism, Chapter 4.


Typical of the old capitalism, when free competition held undivided sway, was the export of goods. Typical of the latest stage of capitalism, when monopolies rule, is the export of capital.

This chapter&#39;s built on the earlier ones (and the later ones are built on this.) There&#39;s a chain of logic running through the whole pamphlet.


On the threshold of the twentieth century we see the formation of a new type of monopoly: firstly, monopolist associations of capitalists in all capitalistically developed countries; secondly, the monopolist position of a few very rich countries, in which the accumulation of capital has reached gigantic proportions. An enormous “surplus of capital” has arisen in the advanced countries.

Those "few very rich countries" retain their dominant position in the world market....and it&#39;s the same countries today as on "the threshold of the twentieth century." The relations among them have shifted a great deal; but the club membership list has changed much less.

There&#39;s a political implication Lenin can&#39;t explicitly state here because of censorship. Just as people are divided into exploiting and exploited classes; imperialism divides the world into exploiting and exploited countries. It&#39;s necessary to side with one against the other.

This is all explicitly spelled out in the Theses on the national and colonial question (http://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/2nd-congress/ch05.htm#v1-p177) adopted by the 2nd Congress of the Communist International[/url]. (See also the Supplementary theses (http://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/2nd-congress/ch04.htm#v1-p115) and Lenin&#39;s speech to the Congress about them (http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/jul/x03.htm#fw3)

Those political conclusions are based in part on the economic data presented in this pamphlet.


The need to export capital arises from the fact that in a few countries capitalism has become “overripe” and (owing to the backward state of agriculture and the poverty of the masses) capital cannot find a field for “profitable” investment.

A useful metaphor, "overripe", and it conveys another political implication Lenin can&#39;t state because of censorship. The objective conditions for revolution are not only ripe, they&#39;re overripe; the working class pays a bloody penalty for further delay (forced by the subjective conditions, including the social-democratic misleadership. Which has its own objective basis.)

There&#39;s a lot of things which illustrate this overripeness, once you start thinking about it.


Unlike British colonial imperialism, French imperialism might be termed usury imperialism. In the case of Germany, we have a third type; colonies are inconsiderable, and German capital invested abroad is divided most evenly between Europe and America.

These different forms all have the same exploitive content - there are different forms of imperialism today, also.


In these international transactions the creditor nearly always manages to secure some extra benefit: a favourable clause in a commercial treaty, a coating station, a contract to construct a harbour, a fat concession, or an order for guns.”[2]

Or in the case of the IMF, an austerity budget and the privatization of industries and natural resources.


The capital-exporting countries have divided the world among themselves in the figurative sense of the term. But finance capital has led to the actual division of the world.

Which leads into Chapter 5 (http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/ch05.htm#v22zz99h-246-GUESS)

Amusing Scrotum
3rd August 2006, 15:33
Originally posted by Severian+--> (Severian)This is your error: that you&#39;re looking at capitalism in particular "areas" in contrast to Lenin who analyzes it as an interconnected world system.[/b]

If you actually read what Lenin wrote, then you&#39;ll see that he didn&#39;t intend his statement to be one which applied to global capitalism in general. Rather, he gave capitalism "everywhere" a set of characteristics that are "fundamental and inevitable"....and, therefore, pointing out that capitalism "everywhere" doesn&#39;t have these attributes, is a perfectly valid criticism. The error is yours (and Lenin&#39;s), not mine.


Originally posted by Severian+--> (Severian)....Redstar....[/b]

I&#39;ve seen you mention redstar in three debates over the last week or so, debates which, obviously, he wasn&#39;t participating in. Do you think perhaps that you may have some kind of obsession/fixation? Maybe he&#39;s your "Stalin"? :lol:


Originally posted by Severian
It also involves a misunderstanding of what imperialist-dominated "underdevelopment" consists of.

Who am I "misunderstanding" here? Lenin doesn&#39;t seem to define what he means by the term....and this Study Group is discussing his views and not those of Luís Henrique. So, frankly, I fail to see whom I am "misunderstanding".

Indeed, I&#39;m sure my definition of what constitutes development at this point in time, indoor plumbing, electricity and so on, is one that most people would see as valid. And, therefore, the point that countries dominated by Imperialist capital take a lot longer to "develop" when compared to countries not dominated by Imperialist capital, seems fine to me.


Originally posted by Severian
If you scroll up to his post of Jan 26 2006, 11:49 AM....

There&#39;s no post at that time, by anyone.


Originally posted by Severian
Most of the Third World is experiencing massive urban growth. Sprawl, shantytowns....

What are you on about? I didn&#39;t mention "urban growth", I mentioned "the building of modern cities"....and "shantytowns" are hardly an example of the modern metropolis.


[email protected]
Capitalism is all about commodity production....

Ostensibly, yes; but there&#39;s a whole lot more to this historical epoch than commodity production. Things that are linked to commodity production, and often a result of it, but still important things. And that was my point, if the growth is limited and narrow and doesn&#39;t incorporate these things, then it&#39;s, essentially, "retarded".


Severian
Are you talking about Nigeria, or Saudi Arabia? There have been major strikes by Nigerian oil workers in recent months and years.

Indeed there have been. But there&#39;ve also been a few kidnappings of foreign Oil workers by Nigerian rebels....which suggests that at least a portion of its workforce is made up of foreign workers. That&#39;s what generally happens on the rigs....with people working three weeks on three weeks off. If you know of the exact figures, then do post them.

Janus
5th August 2006, 10:00
Moving this to the Study Group subforum so it can be archived.