cormacobear
20th August 2004, 18:33
Illegal American Military and CIA Interventions from 1900-2000:
They’ve Done It before they’ll do it again
“There isn’t a trick in the racketeering bag that the military gang is blind to. It has its ‘finger-men’ to point out enemies, its ‘muscle-men’ to destroy enemies, its ’brain-men’ to plan war preparations and a ‘big-boss’ Super-Nationalistic-Capitalism.
It may seem odd for me, a military man, to adopt such a comparison. Truthfulness compels me to. I spent thirty-three years and four months in active military service as a member of this countries most agile military force, The Marine Corps. I served in all commissioned ranks from Second Lieutenant to Major General. And During that period, I spent most of my time being a high class muscle man for Big Business, for Wall Street and for the Bankers. In short I was a Racketeer, a Gangster for Capitalism.
I suspected I was just part of a racket at the time. Now I’m sure of it.
I helped make Honduras ‘right’ for American fruit companies in 1903. I helped make Mexico, especially Tampico, safe for American oil interests in 1914.I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City Bank boys to collect revenues in. I helped in the raping of half a dozen Central American republics for the benefits of wall street. The record of racketeering is long. I helped to purify Nicaragua for the international banking house of Brown-Brothers in 1909-1912. I brought light to the Dominican Republic for American sugar interests in 1916. In China I helped to see to it that Standard Oil went it’s way unmolested.”
These lines were taken from a speech given in 1933 by Major General Smedley Butler (1888-1940) of the U.S. Marine Corps. A two time recipient of the Medal of Honour.# From 1945 to the end of the century, the United States attempted to overthrow more than 4o foreign governments, and to crush more than 30 popular nationalist movements struggling against intolerable regimes.# The cost in human suffering as a direct result of these actions is immeasurable. Virtually all of this has gone on with out the knowledge and consent of the majority of American people. Due largely to the deplorable state of their education system and the obvious bias in American media. It would be easy to tell ourselves ‘that was last century things have changed’, but we need only look at the recent American action against Iraq. Nothing will change unless we look at what has happened and make a conscious effort to prevent it from happening again.
In 1945, at the initiative of the United States of America, the General Assembly of the United Nations affirmed unanimously “the Principles of International Law recognized by the charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal.” In 1950, the International Law Commission formulated the Principles of Nuremberg. #Yet in the last hundred years alone, in the opinion of myself and hundreds of experts in related fields, we have seen 19 presidents, their advisors, soldier and members of the American intelligence establishment act in clear violation of these laws unchecked by their citizens or the world. In particular we can point to Principal III; The fact that a person who committed an act which constitutes a crime under international law acted as Head of State or responsible Government official does not relieve him of responsibility under international law., Principal IV; The fact that a person acted pursuant to order of his Government or of a superior does not relieve him from responsibility under international law, provided a moral choice was in fact possible for him. Principle VI; The crimes hereinafter set out are punishable as crimes under international law: a. Crimes against peace: (I) Planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war of aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances: (ii) Participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the acts mentioned under (I). B. War crimes: Violations of the laws or customs of war which include, but are not limited to, murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave labour or for any other purpose of civilian population, of or in occupied territory, murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war or persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity. C. Crimes against humanity: Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation ant other inhuman acts done against any civilian population, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds, when such acts are done or such persecutions are carried out on in execution of or in connection with any crime against peace or war crime. In 1966 N. Vietnam brought to the world a massive list of violations by The United States against the country and it’s people.# To this day no U.S. citizen has ever stood trial for any war crime or related articles. The U.S. position toward the International Criminal Court (ICC) reveals a stark contrast between the long standing rhetorical commitment of the United States to these institutions.#
Listing all the horrendous international violations by C.I.A. and American military would be far to Herculean a task for this brief paper, so I will attempt to make a brief list of the majority of known actions of the previous century. These are predominantly acts of corporate heads in conjunction with U.S. administration, using the intelligence establishment and the military, to somehow exert American will over an autonomous nation.
Honduras 1903 Korea 1945-1953
Nicaragua 1901-1912 Marshall Isld.s 1946-58
Eastern Europe1948-1956
Mexico 1914 Germany 1950
Haiti 1914-1915 Iran 1953
Cuba 1914-1915 Guatemala 1953-1954
Dominican Costa Rica mid 1950’s
Republic 1916 Syria 1956-1957
China 1945-1960’s Mid. East 1957-1958
Italy 1947-48 Indonesia 1957-1958
Greece 1947-to early 50’s West. Eur. 1950-1969
Philippines 1940’s and 50’s British Guiana 1953-1964 Philippines 1970’s-1990’s
The U.S.S.R. 1940’s 1960’s Chile 1964-1973
Italy 1950’s-1970’s Greece 1964-1974
Vietnam 1950-1973 Bolivia 1964-1975
Cambodia 1955-1973 Guatemala 1962-1980’s
Laos 1957-1973 Costa Rica 1970-1971
Haiti 1959 Iraq 1972-1975
Guatemala 1960 Australia 1973-1975
France/Algeria 1960’s Angola 1975-1976
Ecuador 1960-1963 Zaire 1975-1978
The Congo 1960-1964 Jamaica 1976-1980
Zaire 1977-78
Brazil 1961-1964 Seychelles 1979-1981
Peru 1960-1965 Grenada 1979-1983
Dominican Morocco 1983
Republic 1960-1966 Suriname 1982-1984
Cuba 1959-1980’s El Salvador 1980-
Indonesia 1965 Nicaragua 1981-1990
Ghana 1966 Angola 1975-1980’s
Uruguay 1964-1970 Jamaica 1976
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Honduras 1980’s
Saychelles 1979-81
S. Yemen 1979-84
S.Korea 1980
Chad 1981-82
Grenada 1979-83
Suriname 1982-84
Libya 1981-89
Fiji 1987
Panama 1989
Afghanistan 1978-92
El Salvador 1980-1992
Haiti 1987-94
Bulgaria 1990-91
Albania 1991-92
Somalia 1993
Iraq 1990’s (endnote #)
This is by no means a complete list. Listing the specific details of each is a daunting task, one which I will not attempt. But we can look at a few for perspective on the scale of what has gone on.
In 1999, President Clinton visited Bulgaria and told a crowd in Sofia that he hailed them for throwing off communism and holding fair elections. What he failed to mention was that after one of their fair elections had been won by the Communists, the U.S. government had proceeded to overthrow them.#A common occurrence in American foreign policy application. Few people knew much about Chile before the American backed military coup that toppled Marxist President Salvador Allende in 1973 and established a totalitarian regime. Only later was it understood that the coup ended a remarkable period of constitutional and democratic government. Since the early sixties, American Policy in Chile was directed at one objective to keep Salvador Alllende from coming to power. To accomplish this, Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon with the willing cooperation of the CIA were willing to destroy constitutional democracy in Chile. Allende was not a soviet puppet, plotting to bring soviet troops to Chile to destroy democracy. He was a committed democrat, considered a moderate by Chilean Socialists. Despite the vicious slander campaigns orchestrated by the CIA, Allende continued to respect the democratic traditions in Chile after he was elected in 1970. The millions of dollars spent slandering Allende by the CIA was failing to overwhelm the popular sentiments in Chile’s free press. So Nixon and Kissinger changed tactics at the behest of Corporation heads who had served in the CIA and had business interests in Chile. The CIA now began to buy military officers, fund terrorist organizations, and using the massive false press they had established began to incite instability. By 1973 it was over, and the Chilean people were bent under the yoke of a horrendous dictator who was left free to torture and imprison his own citizens destroy all their freedoms, so long as he allowed American business a free hand in Chile’s markets.#
August 1945, from this period the American Imperialists began to interfere in Vietnam and Indo-china, carrying out an ever cruder policy of intervention and aggression. Culminating in the terrible tragedy of the Vietnam war. In one month in 1966 U.S. troops fired in South Vietnam: One billion bullets of all calibre, 88 million aircraft machine gun bullets, 10 million mortar shells, 4.8 million rockets. In a period of four years 1,511,000 hectares of Vietnam were blanketed with chemicals known to have fatal side effects. U.S. soldiers were known to be using chemical gasses, banned by the Geneva convention, in battle. Indiscriminate carpet bombing.#On top of this there were mass executions of entire villages including children, rape, pillaging, crop destruction, torture, and mutilations. This was the everyday life for the Vietnamese at the Hands of their American “Liberators”.# When accused of these crimes the United States used it’s awesome military power, economic, and political dominance to simply refuse to allow any of it’s citizens to stand trial.
One of the things this massive military establishment does is sell arms to other countries, making the Pentagon a critical economic agency of a United States government. Militarily oriented products account for about a quarter of the total U.S. gross domestic product. In the six years between 1990 and 1996 almost a hundred billion dollars worth of arms were officially declared to congress. This does not include of course third party sales and top secret initiatives which legally are withheld from congressional inspection.# These weapons go to arm men like Saddam Hussein, and Osama Bin Laden.
In viewing their crimes in Vietnam alone the government of Vietnam declared “The United States Government itself has laid bare before the American people and the peoples of the world it’s stubborn aggressive and extremely bellicose nature which no professions of ‘peace’ or ‘humanitarianism’ nor deceitful and perfidious manoeuvres can cover up.”#The people of the United States live in a country where in 1976 the FBI headquarters in Washington alone held files on more than 500, 000, nearly a quarter of a million first class letters were opened and photographed by the CIA, 100,000 Americans in military intelligence dossiers.# All of this goes on either without the knowledge of or more deplorably, with their approval.
If the American people continue to allow their government to act in this illegal and immoral manner, I can sadly only predict more acts of aggression against a country that has so avidly engendered anger. The two party system has failed them as these decisions were made by presidents both Republican, and Democrat.
Endnotes:
1Tariq Ali, The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades Jihads and Modernity,ã2002
Pgs. 257-260
2 William Blum, Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower,ã2000
Pg. 2
3 Erwin Knoll and Judith Nies McFadden, War Crimes and the American Conscience,ã1970
Appedixes
4 Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commission for Investigation on the American Imperialists’ War Crimes in Vietnam, American Crimes in Vietnam, ã1966
5 Erwin Knoll and Judith Nies McFadden, War Crimes and the American Conscience,ã1970
Appedixes
Amnesty International USA Human rights short fallings_files\Amnesty International - Library - USA A pick-and-choose appr.htm
6 William Blum, The CIA a forgotten History, ã1986
Table of contents
William Blum, Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower,ã2000
Pgs. 126-166
Sarah B. Sewall and Carl Kaysen, The United States and the International Criminal Court: National Security and International Law, ã2000
7 William Blum, Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower,ã2000
Pg. 157
8 Morton H Halperin, Jerry J. Berman, Robert L. Borosage, Christine M. Marwick, The Lawless State: The Crimes of the U.S. Intelligence Agency, ã1976
Pgs.15-27
9 Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commission for Investigation on the American Imperialists’ War Crimes in Vietnam, American Crimes in Vietnam, ã1966
Pgs.14,22, 24, 26, 39
10 Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commission for Investigation on the American Imperialists’ War Crimes in Vietnam, American Crimes in Vietnam, ã1966
11riq Ali, The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades Jihads and Modernity,ã2002
Pg. 278.
12Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commission for Investigation on the American Imperialists’ War Crimes in Vietnam, American Crimes in Vietnam, ã1966
Pg. 8
# Morton H Halperin, Jerry J. Berman, Robert L. Borosage, Christine M. Marwick, The Lawless State: The Crimes of the U.S. Intelligence Agency, ã1976
Pg. 3
Bibliography:
Books:
The Clash of Fundamentalisms, Tariq Ali, : Crusades Jihads and Modernity,ã2002 Verso, U.S.A.
180 Varick st. New York, NY10014-4606
The CIA a forgotten History, William Blum, , ã1986 Printed in the United Kingdom by Biddles ltd. Guildford and King’s Lynn
Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower, William Blum, ,ã2000 Common Courage Press Box 702 Monroe, ME 04951
Ethics and Foreign Intervention, Deen K. Chatterjee and Don E. Scheid, ã2003 Cambridge University Press, printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
American Crimes in Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commission for Investigation on the American Imperialists’ War Crimes in Vietnam, , ã1966 Printed in the Peoples Republic of Vietnam
The Lawless State: The Crimes of the U.S. Intelligence Agency, Morton H Halperin, Jerry J. Berman, Robert L. Borosage, Christine M. Marwick, ã1976 Penguin Books, Printed in The United States of America by Offset Paperback Mfrs. Inc. Dallas, Pennsylvania
War Crimes and the American Conscience, Erwin Knoll and Judith Nies McFadden, ã1970 Holt, Reinhart, and Winston, printed in Amnerica
U.S. Interventionism in Latin America, V. Shiv Kumar, ã1987 Radiant Publishing, Printed at DK Fine Arts Press
CIA and the Third World, Satish Kumar, ã1981 Vikas Publishing House, Printed at Roopak Printers, Navin Shahdra, Delhi 110032
Presidents Secret Wars, John Prados, ã1986, 1996, Elephant Paperbacks, Manufactured in the United States of America
They’ve Done It before they’ll do it again
“There isn’t a trick in the racketeering bag that the military gang is blind to. It has its ‘finger-men’ to point out enemies, its ‘muscle-men’ to destroy enemies, its ’brain-men’ to plan war preparations and a ‘big-boss’ Super-Nationalistic-Capitalism.
It may seem odd for me, a military man, to adopt such a comparison. Truthfulness compels me to. I spent thirty-three years and four months in active military service as a member of this countries most agile military force, The Marine Corps. I served in all commissioned ranks from Second Lieutenant to Major General. And During that period, I spent most of my time being a high class muscle man for Big Business, for Wall Street and for the Bankers. In short I was a Racketeer, a Gangster for Capitalism.
I suspected I was just part of a racket at the time. Now I’m sure of it.
I helped make Honduras ‘right’ for American fruit companies in 1903. I helped make Mexico, especially Tampico, safe for American oil interests in 1914.I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City Bank boys to collect revenues in. I helped in the raping of half a dozen Central American republics for the benefits of wall street. The record of racketeering is long. I helped to purify Nicaragua for the international banking house of Brown-Brothers in 1909-1912. I brought light to the Dominican Republic for American sugar interests in 1916. In China I helped to see to it that Standard Oil went it’s way unmolested.”
These lines were taken from a speech given in 1933 by Major General Smedley Butler (1888-1940) of the U.S. Marine Corps. A two time recipient of the Medal of Honour.# From 1945 to the end of the century, the United States attempted to overthrow more than 4o foreign governments, and to crush more than 30 popular nationalist movements struggling against intolerable regimes.# The cost in human suffering as a direct result of these actions is immeasurable. Virtually all of this has gone on with out the knowledge and consent of the majority of American people. Due largely to the deplorable state of their education system and the obvious bias in American media. It would be easy to tell ourselves ‘that was last century things have changed’, but we need only look at the recent American action against Iraq. Nothing will change unless we look at what has happened and make a conscious effort to prevent it from happening again.
In 1945, at the initiative of the United States of America, the General Assembly of the United Nations affirmed unanimously “the Principles of International Law recognized by the charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal.” In 1950, the International Law Commission formulated the Principles of Nuremberg. #Yet in the last hundred years alone, in the opinion of myself and hundreds of experts in related fields, we have seen 19 presidents, their advisors, soldier and members of the American intelligence establishment act in clear violation of these laws unchecked by their citizens or the world. In particular we can point to Principal III; The fact that a person who committed an act which constitutes a crime under international law acted as Head of State or responsible Government official does not relieve him of responsibility under international law., Principal IV; The fact that a person acted pursuant to order of his Government or of a superior does not relieve him from responsibility under international law, provided a moral choice was in fact possible for him. Principle VI; The crimes hereinafter set out are punishable as crimes under international law: a. Crimes against peace: (I) Planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war of aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances: (ii) Participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the acts mentioned under (I). B. War crimes: Violations of the laws or customs of war which include, but are not limited to, murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave labour or for any other purpose of civilian population, of or in occupied territory, murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war or persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity. C. Crimes against humanity: Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation ant other inhuman acts done against any civilian population, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds, when such acts are done or such persecutions are carried out on in execution of or in connection with any crime against peace or war crime. In 1966 N. Vietnam brought to the world a massive list of violations by The United States against the country and it’s people.# To this day no U.S. citizen has ever stood trial for any war crime or related articles. The U.S. position toward the International Criminal Court (ICC) reveals a stark contrast between the long standing rhetorical commitment of the United States to these institutions.#
Listing all the horrendous international violations by C.I.A. and American military would be far to Herculean a task for this brief paper, so I will attempt to make a brief list of the majority of known actions of the previous century. These are predominantly acts of corporate heads in conjunction with U.S. administration, using the intelligence establishment and the military, to somehow exert American will over an autonomous nation.
Honduras 1903 Korea 1945-1953
Nicaragua 1901-1912 Marshall Isld.s 1946-58
Eastern Europe1948-1956
Mexico 1914 Germany 1950
Haiti 1914-1915 Iran 1953
Cuba 1914-1915 Guatemala 1953-1954
Dominican Costa Rica mid 1950’s
Republic 1916 Syria 1956-1957
China 1945-1960’s Mid. East 1957-1958
Italy 1947-48 Indonesia 1957-1958
Greece 1947-to early 50’s West. Eur. 1950-1969
Philippines 1940’s and 50’s British Guiana 1953-1964 Philippines 1970’s-1990’s
The U.S.S.R. 1940’s 1960’s Chile 1964-1973
Italy 1950’s-1970’s Greece 1964-1974
Vietnam 1950-1973 Bolivia 1964-1975
Cambodia 1955-1973 Guatemala 1962-1980’s
Laos 1957-1973 Costa Rica 1970-1971
Haiti 1959 Iraq 1972-1975
Guatemala 1960 Australia 1973-1975
France/Algeria 1960’s Angola 1975-1976
Ecuador 1960-1963 Zaire 1975-1978
The Congo 1960-1964 Jamaica 1976-1980
Zaire 1977-78
Brazil 1961-1964 Seychelles 1979-1981
Peru 1960-1965 Grenada 1979-1983
Dominican Morocco 1983
Republic 1960-1966 Suriname 1982-1984
Cuba 1959-1980’s El Salvador 1980-
Indonesia 1965 Nicaragua 1981-1990
Ghana 1966 Angola 1975-1980’s
Uruguay 1964-1970 Jamaica 1976
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Honduras 1980’s
Saychelles 1979-81
S. Yemen 1979-84
S.Korea 1980
Chad 1981-82
Grenada 1979-83
Suriname 1982-84
Libya 1981-89
Fiji 1987
Panama 1989
Afghanistan 1978-92
El Salvador 1980-1992
Haiti 1987-94
Bulgaria 1990-91
Albania 1991-92
Somalia 1993
Iraq 1990’s (endnote #)
This is by no means a complete list. Listing the specific details of each is a daunting task, one which I will not attempt. But we can look at a few for perspective on the scale of what has gone on.
In 1999, President Clinton visited Bulgaria and told a crowd in Sofia that he hailed them for throwing off communism and holding fair elections. What he failed to mention was that after one of their fair elections had been won by the Communists, the U.S. government had proceeded to overthrow them.#A common occurrence in American foreign policy application. Few people knew much about Chile before the American backed military coup that toppled Marxist President Salvador Allende in 1973 and established a totalitarian regime. Only later was it understood that the coup ended a remarkable period of constitutional and democratic government. Since the early sixties, American Policy in Chile was directed at one objective to keep Salvador Alllende from coming to power. To accomplish this, Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon with the willing cooperation of the CIA were willing to destroy constitutional democracy in Chile. Allende was not a soviet puppet, plotting to bring soviet troops to Chile to destroy democracy. He was a committed democrat, considered a moderate by Chilean Socialists. Despite the vicious slander campaigns orchestrated by the CIA, Allende continued to respect the democratic traditions in Chile after he was elected in 1970. The millions of dollars spent slandering Allende by the CIA was failing to overwhelm the popular sentiments in Chile’s free press. So Nixon and Kissinger changed tactics at the behest of Corporation heads who had served in the CIA and had business interests in Chile. The CIA now began to buy military officers, fund terrorist organizations, and using the massive false press they had established began to incite instability. By 1973 it was over, and the Chilean people were bent under the yoke of a horrendous dictator who was left free to torture and imprison his own citizens destroy all their freedoms, so long as he allowed American business a free hand in Chile’s markets.#
August 1945, from this period the American Imperialists began to interfere in Vietnam and Indo-china, carrying out an ever cruder policy of intervention and aggression. Culminating in the terrible tragedy of the Vietnam war. In one month in 1966 U.S. troops fired in South Vietnam: One billion bullets of all calibre, 88 million aircraft machine gun bullets, 10 million mortar shells, 4.8 million rockets. In a period of four years 1,511,000 hectares of Vietnam were blanketed with chemicals known to have fatal side effects. U.S. soldiers were known to be using chemical gasses, banned by the Geneva convention, in battle. Indiscriminate carpet bombing.#On top of this there were mass executions of entire villages including children, rape, pillaging, crop destruction, torture, and mutilations. This was the everyday life for the Vietnamese at the Hands of their American “Liberators”.# When accused of these crimes the United States used it’s awesome military power, economic, and political dominance to simply refuse to allow any of it’s citizens to stand trial.
One of the things this massive military establishment does is sell arms to other countries, making the Pentagon a critical economic agency of a United States government. Militarily oriented products account for about a quarter of the total U.S. gross domestic product. In the six years between 1990 and 1996 almost a hundred billion dollars worth of arms were officially declared to congress. This does not include of course third party sales and top secret initiatives which legally are withheld from congressional inspection.# These weapons go to arm men like Saddam Hussein, and Osama Bin Laden.
In viewing their crimes in Vietnam alone the government of Vietnam declared “The United States Government itself has laid bare before the American people and the peoples of the world it’s stubborn aggressive and extremely bellicose nature which no professions of ‘peace’ or ‘humanitarianism’ nor deceitful and perfidious manoeuvres can cover up.”#The people of the United States live in a country where in 1976 the FBI headquarters in Washington alone held files on more than 500, 000, nearly a quarter of a million first class letters were opened and photographed by the CIA, 100,000 Americans in military intelligence dossiers.# All of this goes on either without the knowledge of or more deplorably, with their approval.
If the American people continue to allow their government to act in this illegal and immoral manner, I can sadly only predict more acts of aggression against a country that has so avidly engendered anger. The two party system has failed them as these decisions were made by presidents both Republican, and Democrat.
Endnotes:
1Tariq Ali, The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades Jihads and Modernity,ã2002
Pgs. 257-260
2 William Blum, Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower,ã2000
Pg. 2
3 Erwin Knoll and Judith Nies McFadden, War Crimes and the American Conscience,ã1970
Appedixes
4 Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commission for Investigation on the American Imperialists’ War Crimes in Vietnam, American Crimes in Vietnam, ã1966
5 Erwin Knoll and Judith Nies McFadden, War Crimes and the American Conscience,ã1970
Appedixes
Amnesty International USA Human rights short fallings_files\Amnesty International - Library - USA A pick-and-choose appr.htm
6 William Blum, The CIA a forgotten History, ã1986
Table of contents
William Blum, Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower,ã2000
Pgs. 126-166
Sarah B. Sewall and Carl Kaysen, The United States and the International Criminal Court: National Security and International Law, ã2000
7 William Blum, Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower,ã2000
Pg. 157
8 Morton H Halperin, Jerry J. Berman, Robert L. Borosage, Christine M. Marwick, The Lawless State: The Crimes of the U.S. Intelligence Agency, ã1976
Pgs.15-27
9 Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commission for Investigation on the American Imperialists’ War Crimes in Vietnam, American Crimes in Vietnam, ã1966
Pgs.14,22, 24, 26, 39
10 Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commission for Investigation on the American Imperialists’ War Crimes in Vietnam, American Crimes in Vietnam, ã1966
11riq Ali, The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades Jihads and Modernity,ã2002
Pg. 278.
12Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commission for Investigation on the American Imperialists’ War Crimes in Vietnam, American Crimes in Vietnam, ã1966
Pg. 8
# Morton H Halperin, Jerry J. Berman, Robert L. Borosage, Christine M. Marwick, The Lawless State: The Crimes of the U.S. Intelligence Agency, ã1976
Pg. 3
Bibliography:
Books:
The Clash of Fundamentalisms, Tariq Ali, : Crusades Jihads and Modernity,ã2002 Verso, U.S.A.
180 Varick st. New York, NY10014-4606
The CIA a forgotten History, William Blum, , ã1986 Printed in the United Kingdom by Biddles ltd. Guildford and King’s Lynn
Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower, William Blum, ,ã2000 Common Courage Press Box 702 Monroe, ME 04951
Ethics and Foreign Intervention, Deen K. Chatterjee and Don E. Scheid, ã2003 Cambridge University Press, printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
American Crimes in Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commission for Investigation on the American Imperialists’ War Crimes in Vietnam, , ã1966 Printed in the Peoples Republic of Vietnam
The Lawless State: The Crimes of the U.S. Intelligence Agency, Morton H Halperin, Jerry J. Berman, Robert L. Borosage, Christine M. Marwick, ã1976 Penguin Books, Printed in The United States of America by Offset Paperback Mfrs. Inc. Dallas, Pennsylvania
War Crimes and the American Conscience, Erwin Knoll and Judith Nies McFadden, ã1970 Holt, Reinhart, and Winston, printed in Amnerica
U.S. Interventionism in Latin America, V. Shiv Kumar, ã1987 Radiant Publishing, Printed at DK Fine Arts Press
CIA and the Third World, Satish Kumar, ã1981 Vikas Publishing House, Printed at Roopak Printers, Navin Shahdra, Delhi 110032
Presidents Secret Wars, John Prados, ã1986, 1996, Elephant Paperbacks, Manufactured in the United States of America