God Emperor
25th May 2004, 23:24
A Call to Evolution
EDIT
Philosophy
Critique of Capitalism
Capitalism, it is becoming more and more apparent, is not a just structure of government. It encourages hate, exploitation, class warfare; it is truly a Darwinist system, built on the law of survival of the fittest. It encourages criminal action in a sense, by encouraging the financial gain of one class over another; in fact, crime can be seen as an illegal extension of capitalism; crime is the lower classes’ capitalism. The businessmen of the upper class would not hesitate to exploit and steal capital, either from the lower class laborers or from other business. So, despite the fact that motives and morals are the same in both the case of crime and of capitalism, the criminal will be jailed, and the capitalist will become exceedingly wealthy. This is simply an act of the higher class oppressing the lower.
While a negligible portion of society may be motivated by property to achieve things that better humanity, the area governed by Capitalism will be left in an insecure, unbalanced state, a breeding ground for violence, with a majority of resources being controlled by a minor portion of the population, and the masses in a position where they must claw for survival, and large amounts of resources being wasted on programs to keep the minority in control, such as the military, police force, etc. The disparity of classes may not be noticeable in richer areas, such as the United States, but millions of Third World inhabitants will pay the price of First World wastefulness.
Socialism, however, is a system that supports peace between humans, one that supports the philosophy that all people have the innate right to life. In a Socialist society, incentives for crime and oppression would be largely abolished, as crime is largely a reaction to danger imposed on survival. Without wasting resources on defending wealth, more would be available to use for the good of the entire human race. Total lucrative equality would not be necessary initially, but all individuals would have enough to live on. Contrary to Capitalists’ argument that Capitalism promotes discovery and the betterment of man; Socialism is a better promoter of progress in actuality, for a starving man has no time to spend creating art, or pondering science, or curing disease; and so much of the world population is in a state that disallows them from participating in these activities. A global Socialist society would decrease the amount of crime, largely eliminate warfare as capital is the main if not the only motive for war, increase artist and scientific growth, and save millions from suffering in a form of slavery. It would also set into effect a goal much craved by humans, complete freedom of peaceful action for every human.
The Ideal Society
The ideal society, which the human race must instate, is one where no individual is exploited or forced to act against their will. For this condition to become reality, Elitism must end, and there must be cooperation in the distribution of wealth. Significant progress in the human condition cannot occur otherwise. Society must stop the destruction of people and resources and nations must join together. A situation must be designed where every human has the means to survive.
Liberty
It has been proclaimed that it is impossible for a peaceful state to exist where liberty and equality are both realities. Before examining this claim, it must be noted that there are several distinct liberties, which should be protected in any system: life, occupation, property, and expression; expression being actions, beliefs, and speech.
An impoverished human who is battling for survival is not liberated, and no one is liberated in a war zone. There is no freedom in a system that can murder by means of capital punishment or monitor actions against it, although both are fruits of societies where economy is highly disparate. Inequality promotes war, violence, and crime, which in turn force the government to supervise and take away rights from citizens to keep a safe environment; this will always be the case; to remain safe in a system that is by nature competitive and unsafe, rights either must be taken away by the government, or rights will be taken away by criminals. Crime and violence can steal the rights of property, safety, and life; and inhibit many other freedoms simply by the fear of their presence. With equality, crime and violence can be restricted without the loss of any rights, the motives for criminal action will largely be eliminated, thereby no longer requiring the government to restrict rights to maintain safety. Both the rights of property and the rights of safety cannot be granted in such an economically unbalanced world. As lack of safety will infringe upon life and property and living rights, the only solution is to lessen the difference between rich and poor. Liberty is not infringed upon by equality; liberty depends on equality.
The right to live in an unthreatening environment, no matter abilities, wealth, or any other factor, that is the first and most important freedom, and this freedom cannot exist without equality. No human being is entitled to luxury at birth, but every human is entitled life, disregarding all circumstances. This is liberty, yet it is not and cannot be protected without equality. With economic balance liberty can be protected by closing the gap between rich and poor; which ends the major motivations for violence. Wealth can be optimized when vast amounts no longer need to be spent on police and military services, with all of available human resources going to the betterment of the race.
In a completely unrestricted market, in the attempt to protect liberty by allowing finances to be unrestricted, liberty becomes dependent on wealth. This is not an improvement on any system; individuals in power always have liberty. With economic redistribution, power can be distributed equally, therefore liberty equally.
Elitism
In a free-market society, the upper class inevitably becomes elite. Elitism is the accepted power and superiority of a single group. In order for the group to remain elite, there must be a form of oppression imposed upon the lower class to maintain the position and power of the elite. The oppression can be in the form of restrictions on economic, intellectual, political, religious, and libertarian rights. As being free in these areas of life allows the individual to command power, restrictions on these allow the elite to remain in power.
Oppressed people will never be restful or rational; they will quickly result to violence as an attempt to regain the power denied them. In many cases, especially in the examples of intellectual and religious oppression, the enemy is often mistaken by the irrational, abused class, to be a different religious or intellectual sect rather than their oppressors.
The opposite of elitism is Democracy, the political equality of all individuals, the rule by majority. Theoretically, all human politics are ruled by the majority, however, through manipulations of the public opinion, thought process, and ethical codes that support the elite, the elite are allowed to rule over the majority. When the majority of a societies population is enslaved by severe lack of vital resources, then the masses do not have the luxury of overthrowing the elite; in this case, it is to the advantage of the elite to keep the populace in poverty.
In a Socialist society, with elitism gone and no economic advantages, there are no means for one group to oppress another. Liberties are always taken by force; people will not give up rights freely. With true democratic rule unrestricted by elitism, the government can be held entirely in check, the populace will always be in control.
In an equal society, with elitism gone and no economic advantages, there are no means for one group to oppress another. Liberties are always brought with power; people don’t give up rights freely. With true democratic rule unrestricted by elitism, the government can be held entirely in check, the populace will always be in control.
Prejudicial Hate
The human race must overcome its tendency towards prejudicial hate. Prejudice, be it religious, or ethnic, is irrational, usually born of a perceived threat common to a certain group; it is the organization of one ethnicity attempting to better its position at the expense of another ethnicity. Racism is the most ugly of human ideologies; it is vehement, dangerous, and illogical. Prejudice is fueled by the want of material gain and power of a single ethnic group; it presents murder, genocide, and injustice as perfectly acceptable provided it is aimed at the correct group. Conflicts between religions and racial groups often are encouraged by the elite, to distract the masses from the actual oppressor, and they are often socially profitable to be involved in. Irrational hate must be combated with intelligence; in a society where there is nothing to be gained by ignorance or hate, hate and ignorance will no longer exist.
Evolution
The time has come for humanity to evolve; we cannot continue living in a state where war is so destructive and so common, illogical ideologies have such a power over such a huge portion of the population, and economies are so unbalanced. Achieving equality doesn’t deny human nature; cooperation is a part of human nature just as competition is. There are other motivations for monetary gain than wealth, for example prestige and curiosity. The capitalist culture focuses and glories material gain, a socialist society could focus on discovery, curiosity, art, intelligence, etc. Human nature evolves, in more animalistic times people were governed by survival of the fittest, but should the human race continue being governed by such laws, its animal nature could destroy it. It is not to build a government that can enforce ideals that should be the aim of an ideology; it is to mold a people that can live idealistically, and that is what Evolutionism does. It is time for evolution.
Economics
Governmental systems that inhibit free trade tend to deter the growth of economy, technology, and quality of life; laborers lose motivation and poverty runs amuck. The need to avoid inhibitions on free trade must be balanced, however, with the need to finance for governmental programs and level income. The factors in the trade of unlike products are depicted below.
PRODUCT A PRODUCT B
Quality 1 .67
Demand 2 1
Production Cost 20 15
Profit Demanded 5 3
Possible Consumers 50 50
Quantity Produced 100 50
(Scarcity is equal to the quantity of a certain product available divided by the possible consumers)
The values (Value= Quality times Deman) suggest that for every 3 of the A product, 1 of the B product should be exchanged. However, the costs (Total Cost=Production Cost plus Profit Demanded) suggest that for 18 of Product A, 20 of Product be should be exchanged. If a government were to tax the excess income (Excess income=Profit Demanded minus Value), it would not only raise funds for beneficial government programs, but would encourage traders to produce goods of higher value, as higher value would mean higher profit. Monopolies could be leveled and incomes could become less disparate, while the economy could expand.
The same principles could be mandated in the trade between laborer and owner, thereby ensuring that all receive just wages. Elitism would thus be curved both through the tax collected and the just profit distribution.
Politics
The War on Terror
9/11 is rooted in unrestricted capitalism, there are many impoverished Muslims who see the USA as a glutton full of billionaires driving SUVs, watching TV, and eating at fast food restaurants while people starve, which is not just. The difference between economies in the world must change, for the good of humanity, instead of the war on terror, which labels an entire population as ‘terrorists’ and ‘evil.’ Desperate people commit desperate acts, and this population has nothing left to loose. Ultimately wealth differences must be closed in order for peace to exist. Economy is the cause of the majority of wars, criminal actions, and violence; as long as there is an upper class the lower class will always resent and fight against them. Thus far in human history, we have survived warfare, but now with such powerful weapons so easily obtained, we no longer have margin for error. The human race must evolve; we have got to overcome the violence in our nature
The war on terror is not caused by religion; religion is only the vehicle, the cause is intense poverty. Peoples become zealous and irrational when their fundamental needs are not being fulfilled, they will be enticed by something that offers hope and revenge, such as religion. Races become clannish, irrational, violent, and obsessive when in intense poverty. The cycle of poverty and ineffective responses to poverty, irrationality, continues, leaving a dangerous and hopeless people. . This is an example of the elitism principle; people in need will not question something that gives hope. Thus, because of their initial oppression, they are also being oppressed by the religious body. To end the cycle, the civilization must obtain the necessity it lacks, and for this to happen, the outside world must give aid and help stimulate their economy. A less desperate civilization would accept liberty, logic, and tolerance far more than a desperate one.
Instead of aiding a troubled population and fixing the root problem, the United States is starting a war against them. A people who feel, perhaps not without reason, that the Capitalist western world is the reason they are in poverty, see a war crush their homeland, bombs in there skies, and foreign troops occupying their country and rebuilding their government, and the USA’s action is supposed to be their liberation, the US is doing them a favor? A lower class will always exist in a Capitalist society, and they will always resent the upper class. For a war against individuals to be successful, the entire population that resents the excess wealth of the USA would have to be neutralized, and genocide is completely without ethical justification, it is an action that would unquestionably ruin humanity. There is no mutually assured destruction in this war, a small group of terrorists can destroy millions of US citizens and our government would still have no enemy but the ‘terrorists.’ This cannot degenerate to genocide. The western world must fix the root problem of the Islamic peoples, which is economy, through monetary aid and donation of resources. The USA can't merely start a war against these people, because when people see bombs over their city and they are being brainwashed to believe America is the cause of their problems, they are likely to support terrorism as an act of defense. The answer is leveling of income all over the world over time. The root problem is survival, this needs not to be a problem anymore, but the current structure of things it is for much of the world population. The root affliction can be solved, by leveling income; the fundamentalism of religion will be lessened and irrationality will be overcome.
The wealthy must sacrifice luxuries and riches for human lives. Their is no time to morally correct, to be angry, to be unforgiving; if the human race does not evolve, we face severe threats to our very existence, peace must prevail! The USA needs to give aid to desperate people, least be faced with terrorism for many long, bloody years.
As the world population increases and the resources dwindle drastically, and with weapons of mass destruction so easy to come by, if we do not at least decrease the difference between economies, drastic events could occur. There may be a choice between genocide and peaceful economic compromise.
Iraq
In Iraq, the USA is attempting to bring democracy to a people that are not yet willing to accept it. The Iraqis have been oppressed by religion, economy, and government; while the governmental oppression is now gone, they are still oppressed by religion and by poverty. True Democracy and elitism cannot coexist, as long as the majority is being manipulated by a minority, the majority is not in control. To create a social system that will support Democracy in Iraq, the people must be freed of the poverty and fundamental Islamic rule; this can be achieved by aiding the people of Iraq financially and allowing a new, logical society to emerge. This is the case in any country, even to some extent in the USA. While few Americans are impoverished, the difference between the average income and the elite income is staggering, enough for the elite to control many aspects of society.
---
more on http://www.evolution.int.ms and http://s6.invisionfree.com/ACalltoEvolution/index.php? (http://s6.invisionfree/acalltoevolution) is the message board.. I am quite welcome to advice, arguments, support, anything..
thank you very much for veiwing..
EDIT: NAME REMOVED BY REQUEST.
EDIT
Philosophy
Critique of Capitalism
Capitalism, it is becoming more and more apparent, is not a just structure of government. It encourages hate, exploitation, class warfare; it is truly a Darwinist system, built on the law of survival of the fittest. It encourages criminal action in a sense, by encouraging the financial gain of one class over another; in fact, crime can be seen as an illegal extension of capitalism; crime is the lower classes’ capitalism. The businessmen of the upper class would not hesitate to exploit and steal capital, either from the lower class laborers or from other business. So, despite the fact that motives and morals are the same in both the case of crime and of capitalism, the criminal will be jailed, and the capitalist will become exceedingly wealthy. This is simply an act of the higher class oppressing the lower.
While a negligible portion of society may be motivated by property to achieve things that better humanity, the area governed by Capitalism will be left in an insecure, unbalanced state, a breeding ground for violence, with a majority of resources being controlled by a minor portion of the population, and the masses in a position where they must claw for survival, and large amounts of resources being wasted on programs to keep the minority in control, such as the military, police force, etc. The disparity of classes may not be noticeable in richer areas, such as the United States, but millions of Third World inhabitants will pay the price of First World wastefulness.
Socialism, however, is a system that supports peace between humans, one that supports the philosophy that all people have the innate right to life. In a Socialist society, incentives for crime and oppression would be largely abolished, as crime is largely a reaction to danger imposed on survival. Without wasting resources on defending wealth, more would be available to use for the good of the entire human race. Total lucrative equality would not be necessary initially, but all individuals would have enough to live on. Contrary to Capitalists’ argument that Capitalism promotes discovery and the betterment of man; Socialism is a better promoter of progress in actuality, for a starving man has no time to spend creating art, or pondering science, or curing disease; and so much of the world population is in a state that disallows them from participating in these activities. A global Socialist society would decrease the amount of crime, largely eliminate warfare as capital is the main if not the only motive for war, increase artist and scientific growth, and save millions from suffering in a form of slavery. It would also set into effect a goal much craved by humans, complete freedom of peaceful action for every human.
The Ideal Society
The ideal society, which the human race must instate, is one where no individual is exploited or forced to act against their will. For this condition to become reality, Elitism must end, and there must be cooperation in the distribution of wealth. Significant progress in the human condition cannot occur otherwise. Society must stop the destruction of people and resources and nations must join together. A situation must be designed where every human has the means to survive.
Liberty
It has been proclaimed that it is impossible for a peaceful state to exist where liberty and equality are both realities. Before examining this claim, it must be noted that there are several distinct liberties, which should be protected in any system: life, occupation, property, and expression; expression being actions, beliefs, and speech.
An impoverished human who is battling for survival is not liberated, and no one is liberated in a war zone. There is no freedom in a system that can murder by means of capital punishment or monitor actions against it, although both are fruits of societies where economy is highly disparate. Inequality promotes war, violence, and crime, which in turn force the government to supervise and take away rights from citizens to keep a safe environment; this will always be the case; to remain safe in a system that is by nature competitive and unsafe, rights either must be taken away by the government, or rights will be taken away by criminals. Crime and violence can steal the rights of property, safety, and life; and inhibit many other freedoms simply by the fear of their presence. With equality, crime and violence can be restricted without the loss of any rights, the motives for criminal action will largely be eliminated, thereby no longer requiring the government to restrict rights to maintain safety. Both the rights of property and the rights of safety cannot be granted in such an economically unbalanced world. As lack of safety will infringe upon life and property and living rights, the only solution is to lessen the difference between rich and poor. Liberty is not infringed upon by equality; liberty depends on equality.
The right to live in an unthreatening environment, no matter abilities, wealth, or any other factor, that is the first and most important freedom, and this freedom cannot exist without equality. No human being is entitled to luxury at birth, but every human is entitled life, disregarding all circumstances. This is liberty, yet it is not and cannot be protected without equality. With economic balance liberty can be protected by closing the gap between rich and poor; which ends the major motivations for violence. Wealth can be optimized when vast amounts no longer need to be spent on police and military services, with all of available human resources going to the betterment of the race.
In a completely unrestricted market, in the attempt to protect liberty by allowing finances to be unrestricted, liberty becomes dependent on wealth. This is not an improvement on any system; individuals in power always have liberty. With economic redistribution, power can be distributed equally, therefore liberty equally.
Elitism
In a free-market society, the upper class inevitably becomes elite. Elitism is the accepted power and superiority of a single group. In order for the group to remain elite, there must be a form of oppression imposed upon the lower class to maintain the position and power of the elite. The oppression can be in the form of restrictions on economic, intellectual, political, religious, and libertarian rights. As being free in these areas of life allows the individual to command power, restrictions on these allow the elite to remain in power.
Oppressed people will never be restful or rational; they will quickly result to violence as an attempt to regain the power denied them. In many cases, especially in the examples of intellectual and religious oppression, the enemy is often mistaken by the irrational, abused class, to be a different religious or intellectual sect rather than their oppressors.
The opposite of elitism is Democracy, the political equality of all individuals, the rule by majority. Theoretically, all human politics are ruled by the majority, however, through manipulations of the public opinion, thought process, and ethical codes that support the elite, the elite are allowed to rule over the majority. When the majority of a societies population is enslaved by severe lack of vital resources, then the masses do not have the luxury of overthrowing the elite; in this case, it is to the advantage of the elite to keep the populace in poverty.
In a Socialist society, with elitism gone and no economic advantages, there are no means for one group to oppress another. Liberties are always taken by force; people will not give up rights freely. With true democratic rule unrestricted by elitism, the government can be held entirely in check, the populace will always be in control.
In an equal society, with elitism gone and no economic advantages, there are no means for one group to oppress another. Liberties are always brought with power; people don’t give up rights freely. With true democratic rule unrestricted by elitism, the government can be held entirely in check, the populace will always be in control.
Prejudicial Hate
The human race must overcome its tendency towards prejudicial hate. Prejudice, be it religious, or ethnic, is irrational, usually born of a perceived threat common to a certain group; it is the organization of one ethnicity attempting to better its position at the expense of another ethnicity. Racism is the most ugly of human ideologies; it is vehement, dangerous, and illogical. Prejudice is fueled by the want of material gain and power of a single ethnic group; it presents murder, genocide, and injustice as perfectly acceptable provided it is aimed at the correct group. Conflicts between religions and racial groups often are encouraged by the elite, to distract the masses from the actual oppressor, and they are often socially profitable to be involved in. Irrational hate must be combated with intelligence; in a society where there is nothing to be gained by ignorance or hate, hate and ignorance will no longer exist.
Evolution
The time has come for humanity to evolve; we cannot continue living in a state where war is so destructive and so common, illogical ideologies have such a power over such a huge portion of the population, and economies are so unbalanced. Achieving equality doesn’t deny human nature; cooperation is a part of human nature just as competition is. There are other motivations for monetary gain than wealth, for example prestige and curiosity. The capitalist culture focuses and glories material gain, a socialist society could focus on discovery, curiosity, art, intelligence, etc. Human nature evolves, in more animalistic times people were governed by survival of the fittest, but should the human race continue being governed by such laws, its animal nature could destroy it. It is not to build a government that can enforce ideals that should be the aim of an ideology; it is to mold a people that can live idealistically, and that is what Evolutionism does. It is time for evolution.
Economics
Governmental systems that inhibit free trade tend to deter the growth of economy, technology, and quality of life; laborers lose motivation and poverty runs amuck. The need to avoid inhibitions on free trade must be balanced, however, with the need to finance for governmental programs and level income. The factors in the trade of unlike products are depicted below.
PRODUCT A PRODUCT B
Quality 1 .67
Demand 2 1
Production Cost 20 15
Profit Demanded 5 3
Possible Consumers 50 50
Quantity Produced 100 50
(Scarcity is equal to the quantity of a certain product available divided by the possible consumers)
The values (Value= Quality times Deman) suggest that for every 3 of the A product, 1 of the B product should be exchanged. However, the costs (Total Cost=Production Cost plus Profit Demanded) suggest that for 18 of Product A, 20 of Product be should be exchanged. If a government were to tax the excess income (Excess income=Profit Demanded minus Value), it would not only raise funds for beneficial government programs, but would encourage traders to produce goods of higher value, as higher value would mean higher profit. Monopolies could be leveled and incomes could become less disparate, while the economy could expand.
The same principles could be mandated in the trade between laborer and owner, thereby ensuring that all receive just wages. Elitism would thus be curved both through the tax collected and the just profit distribution.
Politics
The War on Terror
9/11 is rooted in unrestricted capitalism, there are many impoverished Muslims who see the USA as a glutton full of billionaires driving SUVs, watching TV, and eating at fast food restaurants while people starve, which is not just. The difference between economies in the world must change, for the good of humanity, instead of the war on terror, which labels an entire population as ‘terrorists’ and ‘evil.’ Desperate people commit desperate acts, and this population has nothing left to loose. Ultimately wealth differences must be closed in order for peace to exist. Economy is the cause of the majority of wars, criminal actions, and violence; as long as there is an upper class the lower class will always resent and fight against them. Thus far in human history, we have survived warfare, but now with such powerful weapons so easily obtained, we no longer have margin for error. The human race must evolve; we have got to overcome the violence in our nature
The war on terror is not caused by religion; religion is only the vehicle, the cause is intense poverty. Peoples become zealous and irrational when their fundamental needs are not being fulfilled, they will be enticed by something that offers hope and revenge, such as religion. Races become clannish, irrational, violent, and obsessive when in intense poverty. The cycle of poverty and ineffective responses to poverty, irrationality, continues, leaving a dangerous and hopeless people. . This is an example of the elitism principle; people in need will not question something that gives hope. Thus, because of their initial oppression, they are also being oppressed by the religious body. To end the cycle, the civilization must obtain the necessity it lacks, and for this to happen, the outside world must give aid and help stimulate their economy. A less desperate civilization would accept liberty, logic, and tolerance far more than a desperate one.
Instead of aiding a troubled population and fixing the root problem, the United States is starting a war against them. A people who feel, perhaps not without reason, that the Capitalist western world is the reason they are in poverty, see a war crush their homeland, bombs in there skies, and foreign troops occupying their country and rebuilding their government, and the USA’s action is supposed to be their liberation, the US is doing them a favor? A lower class will always exist in a Capitalist society, and they will always resent the upper class. For a war against individuals to be successful, the entire population that resents the excess wealth of the USA would have to be neutralized, and genocide is completely without ethical justification, it is an action that would unquestionably ruin humanity. There is no mutually assured destruction in this war, a small group of terrorists can destroy millions of US citizens and our government would still have no enemy but the ‘terrorists.’ This cannot degenerate to genocide. The western world must fix the root problem of the Islamic peoples, which is economy, through monetary aid and donation of resources. The USA can't merely start a war against these people, because when people see bombs over their city and they are being brainwashed to believe America is the cause of their problems, they are likely to support terrorism as an act of defense. The answer is leveling of income all over the world over time. The root problem is survival, this needs not to be a problem anymore, but the current structure of things it is for much of the world population. The root affliction can be solved, by leveling income; the fundamentalism of religion will be lessened and irrationality will be overcome.
The wealthy must sacrifice luxuries and riches for human lives. Their is no time to morally correct, to be angry, to be unforgiving; if the human race does not evolve, we face severe threats to our very existence, peace must prevail! The USA needs to give aid to desperate people, least be faced with terrorism for many long, bloody years.
As the world population increases and the resources dwindle drastically, and with weapons of mass destruction so easy to come by, if we do not at least decrease the difference between economies, drastic events could occur. There may be a choice between genocide and peaceful economic compromise.
Iraq
In Iraq, the USA is attempting to bring democracy to a people that are not yet willing to accept it. The Iraqis have been oppressed by religion, economy, and government; while the governmental oppression is now gone, they are still oppressed by religion and by poverty. True Democracy and elitism cannot coexist, as long as the majority is being manipulated by a minority, the majority is not in control. To create a social system that will support Democracy in Iraq, the people must be freed of the poverty and fundamental Islamic rule; this can be achieved by aiding the people of Iraq financially and allowing a new, logical society to emerge. This is the case in any country, even to some extent in the USA. While few Americans are impoverished, the difference between the average income and the elite income is staggering, enough for the elite to control many aspects of society.
---
more on http://www.evolution.int.ms and http://s6.invisionfree.com/ACalltoEvolution/index.php? (http://s6.invisionfree/acalltoevolution) is the message board.. I am quite welcome to advice, arguments, support, anything..
thank you very much for veiwing..
EDIT: NAME REMOVED BY REQUEST.