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bricolage
26th March 2012, 11:36
So I'll start by admitting that linguists is something I know very little about but I recently read this interview (http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/mar/25/daniel-everett-human-language-piraha) with Daniel Everett who makes the argument that 'there is no such thing as universal grammar'. From what I can gather this is most important because it's a direct challenge to the dominant views of everyone's favourite left liberal Chomsky. There seem to be a lot of issues with Everett's work namely that he has only really studied one tribe so has a small sample base as well as the fact that noone else (apart from the members of the tribe) know how to speak the language so his results can't really be challenged or verified. Additionally this is from another Guardian article (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/10/daniel-everett-amazon) in which he is accused of perpetuating old racism of the 19th Century (it's interesting to note that Everett first went to the Pirahã as a missionary translating the bible but has since abandoned his faith and subsequently lost his family):


Everett's claims created a furore. Chomskyites rushed to defend universal grammar and academics cast doubt on Everett's view of the Pirahã. Nineteenth-century anthropologists had judged exotic peoples similarly, saying they had no creation myths and apparently crude languages that could not count or convey abstract thought, before it was proved it was our erroneous understanding of these "primitive" societies that was primitive. "By framing his observations as an anti-Chomsky discovery rather than as un-PC Eurocentric condescension, Everett was able to get away with claims that would have aroused the fury of anthropologists in any other context," wrote the increasingly sceptical Pinker, who argued that even if there was "a grain of truth" in the Pirahã's preoccupation with the here-and-now, it was by no means unique to their society. In other words, Everett was an almost racist throwback to the days of, well, missionaries.

Perhaps why I am most interested in this is that it seems Chomsky's ideas of Universal Grammar are heavily linked to his politics which, despite being nominally radical, is strongly rooted in ideas of human nature. I'm very sceptical of any such view but as I said know very little about linguistics. As such while I am interested by the way Everett is looking at things the criticisms of his work seem very convincing.

So if there's anyone on revleft who knows much about this please interject now.

Anarpest
26th March 2012, 14:04
On what grounds is Chomsky a left-liberal? Still, Chomsky's ideas on universal grammar have been attacked lots of times over the years, so I'm sure it would be possible to find a similar formulation without the alleged racist overtones.

Welshy
26th March 2012, 20:51
I have to admit that I don't know to much about Pirahã and Daniel Everett, I know that he isn't really held in high esteem by the linguistics community. Also two of his most infamous claims about Pirahã (that they lack recursion* and the ability to embed clauses**) have been retested by other linguists and have pretty much proven wrong. It seems like Everett has fallen into the trap of trying to make a big name for himself and since Pirahã is strange language and under studied language (especially when he came in contact with it), he had something that he could make outrageous claims about with out anyone being able to really call him out on it. If I were interested in the languages of South America, I would love going in and testing all of his claims but I'm an Afro-asiatic language guy so I won't be doing that anytime soon.

Also Universal Grammar isn't something that is strict as it may sound. The general idea about it right now is that is more like a set of "switches" that languages can flick on or off and depending on whats flicked on then we expect certain things to happen. For example if a language has Wh-movement (this is where words like "what" move to the front of a sentence in a question) then we can expect that they have wh-movement in relative clauses. But if they lack wh-movement then we can expect that they would make use of what is called internally head relative clauses, which is where the noun being modified by the relative clause is in the relative clause itself. So instead of having a sentence like "I saw the man who was running", with internally headed relative clauses we would see a sentence like "I saw the man was running" and on the verb there would be something marking that it's a relative clause. Navajo is an example of a language like this. Also Universal Grammar, as I already alluded to above, allows us to make predictions where as with what Everett is arguing for we would be unable to make predictions and personally I feel that if we can't make predictions then we might as well abandon Syntax as a science completely.

* recursion in language is basically where you can repeat a structure for a theoretically infinite amount of times or at least for a very long time. Adjectives and Preposition Phrases are easy ways to see this and in fact Everett specifically mentions adjectives in his claim about the lack of recursion.

** embedded clauses are clauses that exist with in other clauses like what I have bolded in this sentence "I made the student read the book."

I hope this was a type of response you were looking for.

bricolage
26th March 2012, 21:01
thanks Welshy, very interesting.