Haitian history

[Ostrinski]

What are some good secondary source works on the history of Haiti?

[Fulanito de Tal]

http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%C3%AD translated with google translate

Republic of Haiti. Country Caribbean (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Caribe&usg=ALkJrhi_JHzHCVIFo4VT3UMiQPkUUVK_Lg) , located in the western part of the island 's Spanish (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/La_Espa%25C3%25B1ola&usg=ALkJrhgktwFNembGefkRHpHn-U38QwkEaQ) , limited to Dominican Republic (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Dominicana&usg=ALkJrhhbjblT6RWm-sQFcemNNdN3wiIKeA) . It is integrated by the Gonave Island (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DIsla_de_la_Gon%25C3%25A2ve%26a ction%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgep-fxsUfHCv_tWN3LGIMWBthNAw) , Turtle Island (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DIsla_de_la_Tortuga%26action%3D edit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjVo0ahxvCh-OafzF-u5MjUJ2RtRA) , the archipelago of islands and Cayemite Vaches Island (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DIsla_de_Vaches%26action%3Dedit %26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjSP35CeYFEG4_AXS2RPWAX-uwAGw) and other islets in the waters. It has an area of ​​27,750 km ² and a population of 10,033,000 inhabitants (2009). The capital and largest city is Port-au-Prince (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Puerto_Pr%25C3%25ADncipe&usg=ALkJrhgTz6MY5-eDqridUpKA9CYiM_O90Q) , which was severely damaged by an earthquake on January 12th (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/12_de_enero&usg=ALkJrhgwditn3SZeb8k4xmp_4jUFazCygw) of 2010 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/2010&usg=ALkJrhj2G8Jg91bxrWlS_X1hEe8zvtUYZw) . According to The World Factbook, 80% of the population lives below the poverty line and two thirds of it is dependent on one sector of the agriculture (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Agricultura&usg=ALkJrhiteCwQiSpLazW6W726LzN8IWc0YA) and fishing (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Pesca&usg=ALkJrhjMBrt8nX9l1H7dLUgiqVSZqge_3g) , traditionally organized in small subsistence farms, weakened by the lack of available land and impoverishment , and foreign aid. This state of misery and impoverishment are the result of over three hundred years of agricultural over-exploitation, plunder and neo-colonial, U.S. military interventions and corrupt governments in the service of the U.S. (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Estados_Unidos&usg=ALkJrhh8Qvql6mlP09hnkXbb6GaeQVMGLA) , more than a century of use of human resources in the most hard.
Former French colony, was the first country in Latin America (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Latinoam%25C3%25A9rica&usg=ALkJrhjdyJfnQsZ-BXnl4y2UpFBhgXsNqA) to declare independence and the world's first anti-slavery revolution to succeed you paid the price of aggression, blockade and compensation.
On January 12th (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/12_de_enero&usg=ALkJrhgwditn3SZeb8k4xmp_4jUFazCygw) of 2010 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/2010&usg=ALkJrhj2G8Jg91bxrWlS_X1hEe8zvtUYZw) suffered a devastating earthquake measuring 7.3 degrees on the Richter scale that has aggravated the situation in which people live. One of the last in the list of countries with unfavorable rates of human development, life expectancy does not exceed 52 years and only 1 in 150 Haitians receives a salary, while the deforestation of the forests exceeds 95%.
The economy of Haiti is the poorest in the Americas, the population relies almost 50 percent of remittances received from abroad. It was the first country in which enslaved Africans and 400 000 trafficked by Europeans revolted against 30 000 white-owned plantations of sugar cane (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Ca%25C3%25B1a&usg=ALkJrhgg8zitVQGqzxKEBX6y6bXgUfL9zQ) and coffee (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Caf%25C3%25A9&usg=ALkJrhjYC3tNUXIQ8-d28jlnAkdDgcP5Og) , holding the first great social revolution in the Western Hemisphere. The most eminent general Napoleon (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Napole%25C3%25B3n&usg=ALkJrhiAdOS7Mxw71XpUgTpr_EneohlJlg) was defeated there.
Content

[ocultar]


1 History (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Historia)

1.1 Origins (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Or.C3.ADgen es)
1.2 The Revolution (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#La_Revoluci .C3.B3n)
1.3 blocks, penalties and compensation (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Bloqueo.2C_ sanciones_e_indemnizaci.C3.B3n)
1.4 Military interventions and dictatorships. (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Intervencio nes_militares_y_dictaduras._De_los_Duvalier_a_Cedr as) Of the Duvalier Cedras (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Intervencio nes_militares_y_dictaduras._De_los_Duvalier_a_Cedr as)
1.5 The recent past (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Pasado_reci ente)

1.5.1 Natural Disasters (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Desastres_n aturales)
1.5.2 Cholera epidemic (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Epidemia_de _c.C3.B3lera)
1.5.3 Cuba humanitarian aid in Haiti (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Ayuda_human itaria_de_Cuba_en_Hait.C3.AD)




2 Government and politics (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Gobierno_y_ pol.C3.ADtica)
3 political and administrative organization (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Organizaci. C3.B3n_pol.C3.ADtico.E2.80.93administrativa)
4 Geography (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Geograf.C3. ADa)
5 Climate (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Clima)
6 Economy (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Econom.C3.A Da)
7 Demographics (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Demograf.C3 .ADa)
8 Culture (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Cultura)

8.1 Music (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#M.C3.BAsica )
8.2 Architectural Heritage (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Patrimonio_ arquitect.C3.B3nico)


9 References (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#Referencias )

History

Origins

On December 5 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/5_de_diciembre&usg=ALkJrhh01GBNTInE5PfiPnl8wFKMuwX5uw) of 1492 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1492&usg=ALkJrhjP1c_75eChx3b0hxucVtEVVdjMSA) Christopher Columbus (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Crist%25C3%25B3bal_Col%25C3%25B3n&usg=ALkJrhhy9GS0-u2tgj33DHIv5QT06-32mg) The Spanish top, part of which will be called the Greater Antilles (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Antillas_Mayores&usg=ALkJrhia36x1bZnZXz4snRzjH09Uba0ClQ) and the island became part of the Spanish empire. Before the arrival of the Spanish, was inhabited by ethnic Arawak, Carib and Taino, its estimated population then was around 300,000.
In the early seventeenth century (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Siglo_XVII&usg=ALkJrhhS0-uXrwxD_l3nBDf2y59HFhcF-A) , the booming trade that it had acquired informal settlers and natives of the island which was against the monopoly claimed the metropolis, the Spanish governor Antonio de Osorio ordered between 1605 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1605&usg=ALkJrhgzQohePj9lJHkw-_q_l1IT6jVONA) and 1606 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1606&usg=ALkJrhgpmBSnxmcYyZpNKXXBDV51Qb6TBA) , the depopulation of bands north and west of the island in order to curb the practice. Over time, in depopulated areas of the west were settling the buccaneers, men who lived by hunting cattle and feral pigs, the fur trade and cultivation of snuff, and the pirates, both of French origin. First occupied the island of Tortuga (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DIsla_de_la_Tortuga%26action%3D edit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjVo0ahxvCh-OafzF-u5MjUJ2RtRA) and later determined that these settlements west of the island was claimed by France (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Francia&usg=ALkJrhhoSPst1ZH6OcqWQwqDgFgEwQu4cQ) .
In 1697 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3D1697%26action%3Dedit%26redlink %3D1&usg=ALkJrhhLN2yT1sXcmdnkjL-NNyVAy-8DVg) , Spain (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Espa%25C3%25B1a&usg=ALkJrhhRZRRjo9Yzwg71WkISkMZQVSohOw) ceded to France that part of the island by the Treaty of Ryswick, becoming the Saint Domingue French and less than a century became the richest colony in the world, producing huge profits for France with the production of sugar and coffee from the slave plantation.
In the mid-eighteenth century, the colonial Haiti, occupied by France under a ruthless and cruel system of slavery, had a population of 300,000 only 12,000 slaves and free people, mainly whites and mulattoes.
The Revolution

Main article Haitian Revolution (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Revolucion_haitiana&usg=ALkJrhiQBDlP2gUh1TBQ3QvbRAJDTSl_kQ)
On August 14th (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/14_de_agosto&usg=ALkJrhh3_D7mng-QNOqHzvY9wZPg72cL-Q) of 1769 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1769&usg=ALkJrhg2CkA34hr6JqrU2UME28YsfPOZCw) would have occurred in a ceremony Bois Cayman Boukman the voodoo priest, who is considered the starting point of the Haitian Revolution. The long process of emancipation is protagonist François Dominique Toussaint-Louverture (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DToussaint%25E2%2580%2593Louver ture%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjcNfD5tjNxI72tpZmVIHJ0xvzMfA) , who between 1793 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1793&usg=ALkJrhjSrb5aDZ3lcDr-ONcsRipixXaYmA) and 1802 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1802&usg=ALkJrhjwSTyS_cVW8k5tt1y4GrlTneAMPw) directed the Haitian revolution with sagacity, facing Spanish, English and French until his capture, exile and death in France.
The triumph of the French Revolution (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Revoluci%25C3%25B3n_Francesa&usg=ALkJrhhgK7U6lF27VOT5wqggLj1Yj44r6Q) , the July 14 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/14_de_julio&usg=ALkJrhhXnaqrZQGUoOfZT3LndohfCRkN7w) of 1789 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1789&usg=ALkJrhjW-aUR70cwfq4NeQ9YsA4_4efEWg) had an impact on Haiti. In 1791 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1791&usg=ALkJrhie7NTcyg6J4avsq-vc1rgBP6fIjw) , the internal situation in Saint Domingue and renovators winds coming from France, there are large slave insurrections in the north of the island, and this is considered the beginning of what would be the Haitian Revolution. The city was burned by Cap Français slaves.
In 1792 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1792&usg=ALkJrhi_jIy-LWNWA4cIgZZ8vqhjg5XoGA) , the French monarchy, Louis XVI (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Luis_XVI&usg=ALkJrhi_k54pFunaxTlVIJD5zaNqGz9hiw) , falls, and the French Republic is proclaimed. The Jacobins, the left wing of the French Revolution, decreed equal political rights for free blacks and mulattos, which, of course, causes an enormous impact on Saint-Domingue, where the majority of the population was black.
Between 1792 and 1793 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1793&usg=ALkJrhjSrb5aDZ3lcDr-ONcsRipixXaYmA) , France went to war with Austria (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Austria&usg=ALkJrhjsJZANtVyoo45bFsOGiqWtAbBUtg) , Prussia (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Prusia&usg=ALkJrhjekC-UgeGZDp-AyDjyUoE95Sg6ow) , Britain (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Gran_Breta%25C3%25B1a&usg=ALkJrhhZzkTVvY3ezuLlyVwFNabh7h_geg) and Holland (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Holanda&usg=ALkJrhhoSYrX2Ej9zYOUOTkiTCP25xMJBA) , and feels threatened by Spain. The French Assembly sent three representatives to Saint-Domingue, the most famous of them, Sonthonax. Without consulting France on August 29 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/29_de_agosto&usg=ALkJrhgN64K0Ia1slzO9Cm2MyNkV-_8DmQ) , 1793, Sonthonax published - first in the history of humanity, the decree of emancipation of slaves in the north of Saint-Domingue. On August 29, 1793, I repeat, must be held by humanity as one of its great dates. That year, 1793, in France is known as the Year of Terror. It produces the purge and execution of many Girondins, but until February 4, 1794 there is no acceptance by the French Parliament, still dominated by the Jacobins, the decree Sonthonax had adopted.
http://www.ecured.cu/images/thumb/2/2e/Toussaint_Louverture.jpg/180px-Toussaint_Louverture.jpg (http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Archivo:Toussaint_Louverture.jpg) http://www.ecured.cu/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Archivo:Toussaint_Louverture.jpg)
François Dominique Toussaint-Louverture (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DToussaint%25E2%2580%2593Louver ture%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjcNfD5tjNxI72tpZmVIHJ0xvzMfA)


In 1795 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1795&usg=ALkJrhhLwOVNe82tSeWEurexs4RJ8wseHw) , driven by the struggles that take place in Saint-Domingue, large slave rebellions occur elsewhere in the Caribbean, including Cuba (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Cuba&usg=ALkJrhgg2GmV4tMa_qppRRmkK7I-jb4mbA) . In 1797 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1797&usg=ALkJrhjbYjwgHBBe7vG9RjQ3ppyAErshbw) , the May 2 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/2_de_mayo&usg=ALkJrhhO7RIfXT3IMOw0RmkBBIdpGu8EAQ) , he was appointed Governor General Toussaint Louverture, a man who had been a slave and became General and organize a great army. In 1799 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1799&usg=ALkJrhhscPv_KSEzcG4vya3OaFcQWSB0cw) , the year Napoleon dissolved the Board, Louverture occupies the eastern side of the island and July 8 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/8_de_julio&usg=ALkJrhgb_eembLKet_oDw5DVnlFlhWLJ7w) of 1801 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1801&usg=ALkJrhhcvdWgvKCuw1ppUQ9N-jngU4LNBg) , proclaimed a new constitution that does not recognize slavery. That same year, Napoleon sent to Saint-Domingue, his brother-Leclerc led a strong army to crush those who were slaves and were at the time, who best embodied the slogans of liberty, equality and fraternity were born the French Revolution (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Revoluci%25C3%25B3n_Francesa&usg=ALkJrhhgK7U6lF27VOT5wqggLj1Yj44r6Q) .
On April 27th (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/27_de_abril&usg=ALkJrhiojPl28jUPCUzSt9a5i4rZQmOhdw) of 1802 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1802&usg=ALkJrhjwSTyS_cVW8k5tt1y4GrlTneAMPw) , Napoleon issued a decree re-established slavery and the slave trade in the French Caribbean colonies. On May 6 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/6_de_mayo&usg=ALkJrhgtHBK3EU7egSo5UFtpoeF5lO_nzg) of that year 1802, Toussaint Louverture, deceived, accepts proposals Leclerc-somehow surrender to him and sent on June 7 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/7_de_junio&usg=ALkJrhjoUiFmc2_wSt08yGv4SDZg3uIEuw) in France, where he was imprisoned at Fort de Joux.
In 1803 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1803&usg=ALkJrhhwkCYVJkpEdWU3WEoRN_En6Sb4kA) , the April 7 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/7_de_abril&usg=ALkJrhi6iuoH2PWvTV9K-GHzGZ583CepRQ) , at the Strong die Toussaint Louverture, ignoring what was happening and of course what would happen as a result of their struggles. That year, 1803, in compliance with the decree of Napoleon, is re-established slavery in French colonies, which makes many political and military leaders of Saint Domingue who had hesitated thinking that Leclerc had independent projects to Saint-Domingue, understand that this was completely false, that she wore were projects to restore slavery.
Leclerc died of a tropical disease, and hence we have tried to say they were tropical diseases which defeated the French troops, but the reality is that they were former slaves who were defeated in 1803. A consequence of the defeat of French troops, on 1 January 1804 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1804&usg=ALkJrhhjx2wzIM7L4J3-gBE4AYqamD2vQQ) was proclaimed the independence of what we would call no more Saint-Domingue but came to be called Haiti as the country was originally called by the natives .
After the death of Louverture becomes Jean Jacques Dessalines (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Jean_Jacques_Dessalines&usg=ALkJrhha0BxkRuA-0VMg5KTqlxKQ5p2IwA) , General in Chief of the Cuban troops and proclaiming January 1 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1_de_enero&usg=ALkJrhiTA_ckNfj-w4DxUmVuMluba-bVcg) , 1804 independence from Haiti. Happening and a unique event in the history of mankind: the successful revolution of slaves and the first black republic, which paved the way for independence of the subjugated peoples of Latin America (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Am%25C3%25A9rica_Latina&usg=ALkJrhj3qaKwd4tVLhOSo1-Ycvw9AvpDEA) and the Caribbean.
Blockade, sanctions and compensation

After being defeated in Haiti, Napoleon Bonaparte (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Napole%25C3%25B3n_Bonaparte&usg=ALkJrhgHyVQHxRlXYzy8ynxbII9eRJitFw) is unable draft French colonial empire in America (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Am%25C3%25A9rica&usg=ALkJrhjYgxS7o9ymtwM4dqGAQKf-rjDuJg) , and proceeded to sell Louisiana (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Luisiana&usg=ALkJrhjm2YTp5LFpH0jG0i4pJajV0Q0vhQ) to the United States in exchange for the U.S. government. UU. will join the French Government in the blockade of Haiti, which agreed this: all the time colonial powers-which means, combined with the colonies, practically the whole world destroyed blocked the Haitian economy, a land devastated by monoculture of sugar cane (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Ca%25C3%25B1a_de_az%25C3%25BAcar&usg=ALkJrhhjQR5aZQcIkXX6BObDD1JFZR_yCA) and destroyed by the calamities of war against France, and one third of the population died in the fighting. The fledgling republic was not recognized by any country and was excluded from international trade.
The recognition of independence by France, would not arrive until 1826 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1826&usg=ALkJrhhJxgOH_tzjDmI5rI8kdoyXpCKUgw) against a compensation of 150 million gold francs - equivalent to EUR 15 000 million current-which would force to Haiti to live to pay that debt over a long period. In 1822 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1822&usg=ALkJrhipdOoFRQUMXeCJTPRGSkc2tmKhbw) , Haitian forces invaded the eastern part of the island of Spanish ( Dominican Republic (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Dominicana&usg=ALkJrhhbjblT6RWm-sQFcemNNdN3wiIKeA) ), which regained its independence until 1844 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1844&usg=ALkJrhhZc6uSr_PbnG2LmLZ8AddV7BdILg) .
Military interventions and dictatorships. Of the Duvalier Cedras

The soil erosion by over-harvesting, penny by penny payment of compensation to France, isolation and economic sanctions, put the country into poverty and social instability that the United States served as a pretext to invade and exercise and absolute control of 1915 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1915&usg=ALkJrhjxDo_LsJYgJxlf47Kxl296jpRtAw) to 1934 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1934&usg=ALkJrhjv9Rl6N7ycOsgsNkkZwRLMIxS9xQ) .
In 1957 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1957&usg=ALkJrhg35SR4j6aQSgTexh6x8-xpVvVgUQ) he was elected President of Haiti, Francois Duvalier (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Duvalier&usg=ALkJrhg-XBWruSe3xD_vDLT4bg8Rg-qLgw) , known as Papa Doc who ruled with dictatorial military and financial aid from the United States and even in 1964 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1964&usg=ALkJrhgdDbT5ij96f8ObGj8vH6qF-RJ2Rw) had himself proclaimed president for life. His son Jean-Claude Duvalier (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DJean%25E2%2580%2593Claude_Duva lier%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgt74Y5lf2oEsewzJHk2_t4B_1OWw) (Baby Doc) succeeded him in 1971 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1971&usg=ALkJrhhEwGh2BI9mF5XDpOhAZ-BPGgIacQ) . In January 1986 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1986&usg=ALkJrhj12Sfa-JvtrspTXNfMCqRZjQ33Aw) a popular uprising forced him into exile and the army took control of power through the formation of a National Governing Council, chaired by General Henri Namphy. In January (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Enero&usg=ALkJrhh_xEzoYLYbYIBv6hH9Da_Oz27iaQ) of 1988 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1988&usg=ALkJrhhxLB6rokh5-gZ75OERZy-pY-qA7w) he was president Leslie Francois Manigat, deposed in July (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Julio&usg=ALkJrhjuD0OHaZzEYJFogPciBRXqfgZrWg) of that year by Namphy. Overthrown by Prosper Avril.
Recent past

After an interim president Ertha Pascal Trouillot (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DErtha_Pascal_Trouillot%26actio n%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh0nFPPd7sLWveGFc1bx1mqCMLJ2Q) , deposed by a coup, he served as elected president from February 1991 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1991&usg=ALkJrhiGjMzbsBR_9hYsVz4ysPAtUzp0zw) Jean-Bertrand Aristide (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DJean%25E2%2580%2593Bertrand_Ar istide%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhySsXfOoDtzC18OaG8Rf_OlOJVsw) , a former Catholic priest who had a key role in a popular uprising that ended decades dictatorship in 1980.
A year later, a bloody military coup led by General Raoul Cedras (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DRaoul_Cedr%25C3%25A1s%26action %3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhHh9SNrax3_jS1onyY81IlD4gBFA) ousted him of his mandate, but in 1994 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1994&usg=ALkJrhhDyfnZELmEw5CpLP7l17HzWvrQGg) returned to the country amid popular festivities due to international pressure and the secret agreement negotiated by former U.S. President, James Carter (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/James_Carter&usg=ALkJrhidG2ooLexGE7KIM14BPB-u006SSw) , with Cedras.
René Preval (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DRen%25C3%25A9_Preval%26action% 3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhsPr9rFk6GV0gwOva_bfi1UYgeqg) replaced Aristide in the elections of 1995 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1995&usg=ALkJrhjLJ2HeHRdUHj7QE9uGcPRDj28UFg) because it was forbidden by the Constitution was submitted to a second consecutive term. Five years later, Aristide was reintroduced to the polls and won a mandate that should have ended in 2006 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/2006&usg=ALkJrhj5Jc5QDWbngb1LSKu0U3fRJdFJRQ) but was ousted in 2004 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/2004&usg=ALkJrhhmMAkUru7580P0vJ0Mgy2F7p5jJw) .
Aristide's second government was born marked with the burden of alleged irregularities in the process, the pressures of former soldiers who want to seize power all costs, even as many analysts, the failure to commitments it made to Washington when he helped return to the presidency, the return of former priest was supported by 20 000 soldiers sent by Carter with the consent of the UN (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/ONU&usg=ALkJrhjd-IKsUXoE-IZPAse8wmLNOsYV8A) . On the two occasions when he found himself facing the fate of Haiti, former ordained priest in 1982 and expelled from his order in 1988 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1988&usg=ALkJrhhxLB6rokh5-gZ75OERZy-pY-qA7w) for his advocacy of liberation theology (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTeolog%25C3%25ADa_de_la_Libera ci%25C3%25B3n%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhu_PkU_BzyQvBw5b0PHEFclWuz5w) was a hope for Haitians.
Analysts believe that the crisis had its origins in the violent death of Amoiot Metayer, a leader of the paramilitary groups that created the chaos and death in several cities, the Government of the Salesian former priest was accused by the opposition Metayer's murder, after which began the escalation of violence which had its climax on February 5 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/5_de_febrero&usg=ALkJrhhudAJNShQujKmr3IRq-5UYtmmByg) of 2004 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/2004&usg=ALkJrhhmMAkUru7580P0vJ0Mgy2F7p5jJw) which left over 80 dead, hundreds wounded and incalculable material losses. The media in the hands of the right launched campaigns aimed at creating chaos and confusion in an attempt to discredit the president and his followers. The advance of armed bands led by former military and coup brought President Aristide in a compromised situation, although on several occasions insisted he would not resign, seeking a dialogue with the opposition and international organizations for help.
The project did not advance the oppositional stance, contained a compromise in which they appoint a new prime minister, with some constitutional powers. Although apparently the United States supported the Chief Magistrate, in private had taken apart. Was the United States, his former patron, who pressured him to resign and then admitted that he facilitated the exit safely to their lives. France, the United States and Canada (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Canad%25C3%25A1&usg=ALkJrhhT36oPvxnGpG4OWXV8YzHBrL8dkw) - whose soldiers entered the territory of Haiti shortly after the departure of the president - he blamed the outcome of the internal situation and tacitly demanded his departure was the second time that Aristidese was forced to leave their small nation precisely in the year commemorating the bicentenary of the Haitian Revolution and the Constitution of the Republic.
Aristide never shut the door to a reconciliation, as demonstrated by the February 21 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/21_de_febrero&usg=ALkJrhgAah9bU_nouVV5G9SS9kLHtarIUA) , when he accepted the action plan of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/CARICOM&usg=ALkJrhg7TbZI0_7-jqnusjIq8FQT8Fiu3A) ) presented by an international mediation mission, comprising representatives of the United States, Canada, France, OAS (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/OEA&usg=ALkJrhiX00k85kpuW4zYuGDs3i-erav5yA) and CARICOM. On both occasions he was elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide represented the possibility of economic and social changes for the Haitian people, according to the political project of his party. Haitian civil opposition, which was intransigent to talk with the president and kept calling for his immediate resignation, accepted the arrival of the multinational force, which was replaced by a peace mission to the UN.
In January 2011 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/2011&usg=ALkJrhiMoAY5iOhAF7cT5sT1qhPk55b2Yw) during the crisis caused by the epidemic of cholera (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/C%25C3%25B3lera&usg=ALkJrhhcDlmJuvxiqpqcMC_w8O4GNTbrmQ) which preceded the great earthquake of 2010 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/2010&usg=ALkJrhj2G8Jg91bxrWlS_X1hEe8zvtUYZw) , there were presidential elections in Haiti. These were the second round, but were suspedidas indefinitely pending clarification of alleged irregularities during the elections.
http://www.ecured.cu/images/2/2f/Lista_de_candidatos_haiti.jpg (http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Archivo:Lista_de_candidatos_haiti.jpg) http://www.ecured.cu/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Archivo:Lista_de_candidatos_haiti.jpg)
A Haitian shows the long list of candidates for the presidency of Haiti in the elections of 2010 - 2011


The elections of 2010 - 2011 took place amid allegations of fraud. At first, the second round was suspended indefinitely, but the pressures of the international community forced the Haitian government to accept the holding of a second round [1] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-0) The pressures of the international community were evidenced when, after a recount suggested moving the second to the ruling party candidate Jude Celestin (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DJude_Celestin%26action%3Dedit% 26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiSTlXBtkRzAWqU_CAxCFXGjBoyDw) , who had finished second in the first round, according to official tallies, with 22% of the vote, behind the former senator Mirlande Manigat (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMirlande_Manigat%26action%3Ded it%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj0lJXn_wk2bwjLwLZ7lWbtQRAoZw) (31%) and ahead of singer Michel Martelly (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMichel_Martelly%26action%3Dedi t%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjyx4K-f5qR3NxarBVIEMb-4-myGA) (21%). The ruling party candidate decided to withdraw from the race on January 25 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/25_de_enero&usg=ALkJrhjOtcMXaOvBgaQm46GlNLOyJESQpg) to facilitate the conclusion of the runoff between Manigat and Martelly, and try to make the country's political crisis [2] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-1) . United States strongly pressured the Haitian government to withdraw his candidacy Jude Celestin. On January 21 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/21_de_enero&usg=ALkJrhg2D1y-M1RGTtzujVh_9bX6FubTCA) , the U.S. government revoked the visas of any number of leaders of the Haitian government, a way of exerting pressure for an election free, fair and credible on the island, as expressed by the State Department [3 ] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-2) .
In the midst of the electoral environment comes the surprise arrival of former dictator Jean Claude Duvalier (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Jean_Claude_Duvalier&usg=ALkJrhjzgh95PVljAVJM-_CoCuzh3IpWfQ) , from France, who appears in Port au Prince and are staying in a hotel under the protection of UN forces. Accused by the local government malfeasance and crimes against humanity is arrested, but later is released under an injunction [4] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-3) .
Former President Jean Bertrand Aristide, said then his desire to return also in exile in South Africa (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Sud%25C3%25A1frica&usg=ALkJrhh0NCDy11E4R3YTawf3cp11VE7jHA) , but Haitian authorities denied the request. Aristide, who had expressed a desire to serve his country as a teacher had no passport and was unable to leave South Africa. Lavalas Family (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DFamilia_Laval%25C3%25A1s%26act ion%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjydcRw68UcBjoLyzc7un-FdmNv7Q) political group representing the interests of the president, protested the decision of the Haitian government, after which, according his opinion, were the pressures from the government of the United States and ignores the law, because the Haitian Constitution (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstituci%25C3%25B3n_haitiana %26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjhrIrosuDtlfG70uCUZyhpY0bM1A) , known exile [5] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-4) . In response, the Ministry of Interior with the support of the Foreign Ministry issued a diplomatic passport that would allow entry to the country of former President Aristide after the document was previously requested by the representatives of exmandatario [6] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-5) . The possibility of the return of Aristide, who was popular in Haiti, prompting the governments of France and the United States reacted with disgust. In the language of the U.S. government meddling adopted its position through the State Department spokesman, Philip J. (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPhilip_J._Crowley%26action%3De dit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj_f7uNI8ZlMmm42Q7U8pelIkouBA) Crowley (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPhilip_J._Crowley%26action%3De dit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj_f7uNI8ZlMmm42Q7U8pelIkouBA) who then claimed that Aristide's return would be:
"(...) An inconvenient distraction (...) The Haitian people must now concentrate on picking the candidate they support in the vote " [7] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-6)
http://www.ecured.cu/images/thumb/f/f9/Michell_Martelly.jpg/200px-Michell_Martelly.jpg (http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Archivo:Michell_Martelly.jpg) http://www.ecured.cu/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Archivo:Michell_Martelly.jpg)
Martelly Michell, president of Haiti


The March 17 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/17_de_marzo&usg=ALkJrhiL_Vujv0EkojmBNzGh32toVJEk1Q) [8] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-7) Jean-Bertrand Aristide returns to the country after spending seven years in exile living in South Africa (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Sud%25C3%25A1frica&usg=ALkJrhh0NCDy11E4R3YTawf3cp11VE7jHA) . Upon arrival at the international airport of Puerto Prince (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Puerto_Pr%25C3%25ADncipe&usg=ALkJrhgTz6MY5-eDqridUpKA9CYiM_O90Q) thanked the Haitian authorities and the countries and institutions that supported him, including Cuba (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Cuba&usg=ALkJrhgg2GmV4tMa_qppRRmkK7I-jb4mbA) . In the traveling entourage of former president also his lawyer, Ira Kurzban (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DIra_Kurzban%26action%3Dedit%26 redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi2RvheGjMQhB-e6GBt9m1D8Nnc2g) and activists including actor Danny Glover (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Danny_Glover&usg=ALkJrhhKIa09iNIbBaR_BnsIXy9XEJl7iQ) and journalist Democracy Now (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DDemocracy_Now%26action%3Dedit% 26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjHLDwKHYYF3JBVdFatEmQiVfTOpQ) Amy Goodman (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAmy_Goodman%26action%3Dedit%26 redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgK4smOmk_LDeShWKXX_uFqDK2PvQ) .
The March 20 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/20_de_marzo&usg=ALkJrhgAYPlDtIWxRrnR_BlsnEU34R4cFQ) were held the second round of presidential elections which pitted candidates Michel Martelli (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMichel_Martelli%26action%3Dedi t%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiQF7NgX0NOpIJBeZOa91C79qeHqQ) and Mirlande Manigat (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMirlande_Manigat%26action%3Ded it%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj0lJXn_wk2bwjLwLZ7lWbtQRAoZw) [9] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-8) . This election win by Michel Martelly (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMichel_Martelly%26action%3Dedi t%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjyx4K-f5qR3NxarBVIEMb-4-myGA) , [10] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-9) with 67.57% voting in favor, compared to 31.74% of the exprimera lady Mirlande Manigat, an intellectual who was first in the first round of elections .
Martelly took office on May 14 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/14_de_mayo&usg=ALkJrhiWFvovIo2EmJXnr4ASoRw8sMLcTA) for the first time in the history of Haiti a democratically elected president to another elected happening under the same conditions. The investiture ceremony, attended by the former U.S. president Bill Clinton (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Bill_Clinton&usg=ALkJrhhlhow3g2E3bA7m21OQtdvf1hyKog) , French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAlain_Jupp%25C3%25A9%26action% 3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjtB7IDDvt5Utjx2VYOH-YwuAuWBw) , the president of neighboring Dominican Republic (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Dominicana&usg=ALkJrhhbjblT6RWm-sQFcemNNdN3wiIKeA) , Leonel Fernandez (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Leonel_Fern%25C3%25A1ndez&usg=ALkJrhiz51o5QwwTKst7Yq74gryIsfVACw) and Cuban Vice President Esteban Lazo (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEsteban_Lazo%26action%3Dedit%2 6redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjBpMCA0EqkeE_qM-s2FryBnoAXdA) among others, Martelly promised to work towards reconciliation the Haitian people [11] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-10) .
Natural Disasters

On 18 September 2004 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/2004&usg=ALkJrhhmMAkUru7580P0vJ0Mgy2F7p5jJw) , Hurricane Jeanne hit Haiti. A week later, the balance was definitely more than 1160 http://www.ecured.cu/images/thumb/d/dd/Palacio_haiti.jpg/200px-Palacio_haiti.jpg (http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Archivo:Palacio_haiti.jpg) http://www.ecured.cu/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Archivo:Palacio_haiti.jpg)
Haiti's presidential palace after the earthquake of January 2010 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/2010&usg=ALkJrhj2G8Jg91bxrWlS_X1hEe8zvtUYZw)


1250 people killed and missing. The effects of this storm worsened already difficult living conditions of the country and left 170,000 people without food or water. On January 12, 2010 suffered a devastating earthquake measuring 7.3 degrees on the Richter scale, the most severe of the country in 200 years. The epicenter of the quake was near the capital Port au Prince. It is estimated that the death toll reached over 200,000 people and left 3 million homeless and has placed its population in a situation of almost total helplessness, it has served again as a pretext to the U.S. to send thousands of troops on the island while other countries such as Cuba (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Cuba&usg=ALkJrhgg2GmV4tMa_qppRRmkK7I-jb4mbA) and the nations of ALBA (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/ALBA&usg=ALkJrhiiVaZWNdXxVx5o3pLLpegAOoXnzA) - have deployed hundreds of doctors and strive to assist the Haitian government to address the situation. The Presidential Palace was very upset, collapsing the second floor above the first, the Parliament building, the office of the United Nations and the National Cathedral were also damaged. The new seat of government of Haiti will be built in the Croix-des-Bouquets about 20 kilometers from Port-au-Prince.
Cholera epidemic

In October 2010 in the urban area of Mirebalais (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMirebalais%26action%3Dedit%26r edlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjcnCW2Cl39nxVM_vDKTj9X9SLA_g) , 86 000, started a violent epidemic of cholera (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/C%25C3%25B3lera&usg=ALkJrhhcDlmJuvxiqpqcMC_w8O4GNTbrmQ) . On Saturday October 15 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/15_de_octubre&usg=ALkJrhgJwssLdTgyPIzCe_n3WXyb2nW0lg) the first three patients admitted with symptoms of diarrhea and acute dehydration. The Cuban Medical Mission urgently sent a group of specialists in epidemiology Samples of blood, vomit, feces and data were sent urgently to Haiti's national laboratories.
On October 22 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/22_de_octubre&usg=ALkJrhjn5K6VWpkVNYYIPO2Q-skqu5CK0A) that the strain was isolated informarmó corresponded to that prevailing in Asia (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Asia&usg=ALkJrhiNifzfR2PYFmwXejfYTA7q5Qe6Cw) and Oceania (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Ocean%25C3%25ADa&usg=ALkJrhhxxBzFBGBMZnMMsNCER72phmFUeA) , which is more severe. Violent disturbances took place throughout the country, as people accused the forces of MINUSTAH (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMINUSTAH%26action%3Dedit%26red link%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh0HL4a-YN1j75Tb_HQbYIfwgB3aw) to transmit cholera in the country through a Nepalese soldier, which later was shown [12] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-11) . The news agency AFP (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAFP%26action%3Dedit%26redlink% 3D1&usg=ALkJrhiUR_cyWw9MR801M27HC72PdtU2ng) reported verbatim that:
"The renowned French epidemiologist Piarroux Renaud (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DRenaud_Piarroux%26action%3Dedi t%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg_Gzal_mXqM8UUFWnoSlRlj_G9UQ) led an investigation last month in Haiti and came to the conclusion that the epidemic was caused by a strain imported and spread from the Nepalese MINUSTAH base "
In January 2011 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/2011&usg=ALkJrhiMoAY5iOhAF7cT5sT1qhPk55b2Yw) more than 194,000 Haitians had been infected with the disease, of which about 4000 had died [13] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-12) . The disease crossed the border with the Dominican Republic this month, when the nation bordering Haiti reported the first death and 200 cases of infection [14] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-13) . From the moment the outbreak of the epidemic in Haiti, the Dominican government took a group of measures widely criticized by the Haitian government, which considered violating the rights of its nationals. Including the mass deportation of Haitians, the record in public places, ban on using public transport and the forced separation of families [15] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-14) .
The disease ran across borders when the January 22 were infected with a group of Venezuelans who attended a party in Pedernales (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPedernales%26action%3Dedit%26r edlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhBO8xV0by7OJl1bZu7mjr0c5aNmA) , Dominican Republic near the Haitian border, and ate lobster contaminated with the virus. January 30 The health authorities of Venezuela announced that 135 of its nationals were being treated for the disease [16] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-15) .
The cholera epidemic until April infected some 300,000 people and caused nearly 5000 deaths, according to the Ministry of Health of that country [17] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-16) .
Cuba humanitarian aid in Haiti

http://www.ecured.cu/images/thumb/2/20/Colaboradores_cubanos_en_haiti.png/200px-Colaboradores_cubanos_en_haiti.png (http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Archivo:Colaboradores_cubanos_en_haiti.png) http://www.ecured.cu/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Archivo:Colaboradores_cubanos_en_haiti.png)
Contributor cunbano in Haiti


When the earthquake of January 12, 2010 devastated Haiti, Cuban doctors had been more than 10 years there. And when the show ended on international humanitarian aid, Cubans continued there. On the importance of Cuban aid to Haiti Haitian Prime Minister, Jean Max Bellerive (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DJean_Max_Bellerive%26action%3D edit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgCBgNmmWN9fKUEFDCxR3ONNKHqrw) said in an interview with Cuban television on February 18 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/18_de_febrero&usg=ALkJrhjelpWtw3KwYYqCBhRprtgd7CeWVw) of 2011 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/2011&usg=ALkJrhiMoAY5iOhAF7cT5sT1qhPk55b2Yw) :
"We know that Cuba is not a rich country, which has its problems, but who wants to share what they have with Haiti. What is more is technical and a huge heart" [18] (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_note-17)

Jean Max Bellerive

In March 2011 the Cuban Medical Brigade had reduced the lethality of the cholera epidemic to 0.38% in the 67 medical units under his responsibility in the country. Cuban small mobile units, consisting of doctors and nurses had visited since the epidemic began more than a million 300 thousand people in sub-commune of difficult access, mostly in mountainous regions. Besides treatment of the patient and family education activities conducted for the health and distribution of tablets of chlorine (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Cloro&usg=ALkJrhj84VFevDVA47rsa-9Z71x5fsj_Nw) for drinking water, to cut the chain of transmission.
Politics

Haití es una república presidencialista con un presidente elegido popularmente y una Asamblea Nacional. La constitución actual fue introducida en 1987 y está basada en las constituciones de Estados Unidos y de Francia. Luego de haber sido suspendida por algunos años, fue reinstaurada por completo en 1994. El 29 de febrero de 2004, un golpe de estado encubierto, promovido por EE.UU. culminó con la supuesta renuncia del presidente Jean–Bertrand Aristide. En el 2006 fue reelegido el antiguo aliado de Aristide, René Préval.
Organización político–administrativa

Haiti está dividido en 10 departamentos(subdivisiones):


Artibonito
Center
Grand'Anse
Nippes
North
Northeast
Northwest
West
South
Southeast

Geography

Haiti occupies the western third of the island of Spanish and includes some nearby small islands and cays as Gronave and La Tortuga. His territory also includes the island of Gonave, the island of Tortuga, the archipelago of islands and the island of Cayemite Vaches and various other islands of its territorial waters. The uninhabited island of Navassa (Spanish island Navaz) is claimed by Haiti to the United States administration.
The total area reaches 27,750 km ². The part of Haiti for the island of Spanish consists mainly of rugged mountains with small coastal plains and valleys. The largest city is the capital Port-au-Prince with 2 million inhabitants, followed by Cap-Haitien, with 600,000. Haiti's climate is tropical. The rainiest season runs from April to June and from October to November and often the country is hit by tropical storms and cyclones.
Weather

Haiti's climate is tropical. The rainiest season runs from April to June and from October to November, and often the country is hit by tropical storms and cyclones. The climate is tropical on the coast and cold in the mountains. The heat decreases by sea breezes.
Economy

Haití es la economía menos desarrollada para un país del hemisferio occidental. Indicadores sociales y económicos colocan a Haití en puestos descendentes detrás de otros países en vías en desarrollo de bajos ingresos (particularmente en el hemisferio) desde los años 80. Haití está en la posición 150 de 175 países en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano de la ONU.
Aproximadamente un 80% de la población vive en la pobreza y casi un 70% de los haitianos depende de la agricultura, que consiste principalmente de agricultura de subsistencia a pequeña escala y emplea cerca de las dos terceras partes de la población económicamente activa. El fracaso en el intento de lograr acuerdos con patrocinadores internacionales han impedido que Haití obtenga asistencia para un presupuesto y programas de desarrollo.
Demography

Al año 2009, Haiti tiene una población de 10.033.000 habitantes. El 97.5% es negra y el restante 2.5% es blanca (europeos o descendientes). Aunque Haití promedia cerca de 270 personas por kilómetro cuadrado, su población está concentrada más fuertemente en las zonas urbanas, planicies costeras y valles. El francés es uno de los dos idiomas oficiales, pero es hablado por sólo el 10% de la población.
Casi todos los haitianos hablan Kreyòl (Criollo, Creole haitiano), el otro idioma oficial del país. El inglés es hablado entre los jóvenes y en el sector comercial. El español es hablado principalmente en las zonas limítrofes a la República Dominicana. El catolicismo romano es la religión estatal, la cual es profesada por la mayoría. Algunos se han convertido al protestantismo. Muchos haitianos practican también las tradiciones vudú, sin ningún conflicto con su fe cristiana. La esperanza de vida es de 53 años. El promedio de hijos por mujer es de 4.94 (la tasa más alta de América). Solo el 53% de la población esta alfabetizada. Se calcula que el 5.6% de la población esta infectada con VIH/SIDA .Su religión es católica y protestantes.
Culture

Haití tiene una historia larga y legendaria, por lo tanto conserva una cultura muy rica. La cultura haitiana es una mezcla de franceses, africanos y españoles.
Music

La música de Haití es influida sobre todo por los lazos europeos coloniales y la migración africana (por la esclavitud). En el caso de la colonización europea, la influencia musical ha venido principalmente de Francia, sin embargo la música haitiana tiene una influencia significativa española, por sus vecinos República Dominicana y Cuba, cuya música en español ha contribuido a crear otros géneros musicales en Haití. Tiene un amplio desarrollo y reconocimiento la pintura Naif que es un referente mundial.
Compass (in French) and Kompas (in Haitian Creole) is a complex music, from African rhythms and European ballroom, lined with bourgeois culture of Haiti. Haiti had no recorded music until 1937 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/1937&usg=ALkJrhjvbQRw3w8OCzJ6lqiwQsmxTeGCBw) when Jazz Guignard was recorded non-profit. One of the most popular is Haitian artists Wyclef Jean (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DWyclef_Jean%26action%3Dedit%26 redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjXUcYpuZWcQ-J7T9tVBVJ-MNogJw) , hip hop style.
Architectural Heritage

Los más famosos monumentos de Haití son el Palacio de Sans Souci (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPalacio_de_Sans_Souci%26action %3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhwFefR-dn0Eg7ceickkGxM_Sk_Pg) y la Ciudadela La Ferriere (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCiudadela_La_Ferriere%26action %3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgoVJIQQH6LCPKTc_vUWgSPLdmTLQ) , inscritos como lugares de Patrimonio de la Humanidad en 1982. Situados al norte de Massif de la Hotte, en uno de los Parques Nacionales de Haití, la estructura data de comienzos del siglo XIX. La edificación fue una de las primeras en ser construidas tras la independencia haitiana de Francia. Sobre ellos escribió Alejo Carpentier (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Alejo_Carpentier&usg=ALkJrhhAJ5jUB2tqZQSMrMGJtL9Hgqg4Fw) en el prógo a su novela El reino de este mundo , fundadora de lo Real maravilloso americano .
Jacmel, la ciudad colonial que se encontraba en trámites para convertirse en otro lugar Patrimonio de la Humanidad, ha quedado seriamente dañada a consecuencia del Terremoto de Haití de 2010.
References



Reflexiones del compañero Fidel (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.cubadebate.cu/reflexiones%25E2%2580%2593fidel/2010/01/17/haiti%25E2%2580%2593pone%25E2%2580%2593a%25E2%2580 %2593prueba%25E2%2580%2593el%25E2%2580%2593espirit u%25E2%2580%2593de%25E2%2580%2593cooperacion/&usg=ALkJrhgS1m2z3XCBOc5l9Fwhi9KaPgHpow)
Haiti (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhhIxdALSN16ikYZ8n72hRttzOzVXQ)
Fernández Retamar, Roberto. Haití una esponja empapada en sangre. Cubadebate (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.cubadebate.cu/opinion/2010/01/18/haiti%25E2%2580%2593una%25E2%2580%2593esponja%25E2 %2580%2593empapada%25E2%2580%2593en%25E2%2580%2593 sangre/&usg=ALkJrhjqkK84iQqtj6BymekwdlSOxKPVLg)
Haití de nuevo bajo intervención militar extranjera. Granma (Digital) 2 de marzo de 2004 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2004/marzo/mar2/10haiti.html&usg=ALkJrhhK420pNSYsV9aSGFeLnlhheFR8wA)
(AIN) Haití Historia (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ain.cu/2010/enero/enero22igghaiti%25E2%2580%2593historia%25E2%2580%2 593sismo.htm&usg=ALkJrhhvHM_kZ2fEYToQxS8apwpGX17Iyg)
Rebelión (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php%3Fid%3D99889&usg=ALkJrhheMT1_rOQvKk4_aRdTIUTY2ycbyA)



↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-0) Haiti: apparently the second round going. (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26i d%3D258116%26Itemid%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhEunvLKugOq7XbVzrnjuqZiXSboA) (Prensa Latina) 25 de enero de 2011 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26i d%3D258116%26Itemid%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhEunvLKugOq7XbVzrnjuqZiXSboA)
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-1) Candidato del gobierno haitiano abandona carrera presidencial. (Prensa Latina). 25 de enero de 2011 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26i d%3D258284%26Itemid%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg1gahAQWNngOBfmrFuTm-Mq8-idQ)
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-2) Candidato haitiano insiste en revisar las actas de votación (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2011/01/31/candidato-haitiano-insiste-en-revisar-las-actas-de-votacion/&usg=ALkJrhiqbZfJ2WQ_0_Abt38IVFg9eEv65g) En Cubadebate, consultado el 31 de enero de 2011
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-3) René Preval: Duvalier debe enfrentar la justicia. En Juventud Rebelde (Digital) 22 de enero de 2011 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.juventudrebelde.cu/internacionales/2011-01-22/rene-preval-duvalier-debe-enfrentar-la-justicia/&usg=ALkJrhine1qp4T5o2MVYJlEQWuvC94eNbg)
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-4) Haiti reported U.S. plan to prevent Aristide's return. (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26i d%3D258386%26Itemid%3D1&usg=ALkJrhja8W-yEA6lliYnt8xOiBnjATie6g) (Prensa Latina) January 26, 2011 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26i d%3D258386%26Itemid%3D1&usg=ALkJrhja8W-yEA6lliYnt8xOiBnjATie6g)
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-5) Former President Aristide returned to Haiti (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.juventudrebelde.cu/internacionales/2011-02-07/ex-presidente-aristide-regresara-a-haiti/&usg=ALkJrhjbCrKP8-mJM3DJqd207G5zx9OO0A) Juevntud Rebelde (Digital), February 7, 2011
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-6) U.S. and France angered by Aristide return to Haiti (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26i d%3D263061%26Itemid%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgQ9tpPogLMJNX9786mXL2p8DINmw) , Prensa Latina, February 10, 2011
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-7) Aristide is now in Haiti thanked the countries that supported it, including Cuba. (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2011/03/18/aristide-ya-esta-en-haiti-agradece-a-los-paises-que-lo-apoyaron-entre-ellos-cuba-foto-y-video/&usg=ALkJrhjmi9assT_ygM35nQUrSswAKtodiA) Retrieved March 25, 2011.
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-8) In total runoff finds calm in Haiti (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2011/03/20/en-total-calma-concluye-segunda-vuelta-electoral-en-haiti/&usg=ALkJrhjMgm8cRI3SzZeHnpHZPnKvNQpCiQ)
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-9) Michel Martelly wins elections in Haiti (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2011/04/06/michel-martelly-gana-elecciones-en-haiti/&usg=ALkJrhjZNVEwVVXC_FnyRaGhhVc-RQpzvA)
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-10) Michel Martelly became president of Haiti (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2011/05/14/michel-martelly-asumio-la-presidencia-de-haiti/&usg=ALkJrhhfO_Q1JBheV2wYPeihojDjS1uudw) . Available in Cubadebate. Retrieved May 14, 2011
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-11) Haiti: foreign bacteria and inadequate health care system caused epidemic cholera (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.un.org/spanish/News/fullstorynews.asp%3FnewsID%3D20873%26criteria1%3Ds alud%26criteria2%3Dcolera&usg=ALkJrhh-4Fu0CeOexygCUYYAsAswyV291w) . Available News Centre UN. Accessed May 5, 2011
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-12) Haiti decreases mortality from cholera. (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26i d%3D256971%26Itemid%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiiGrVX24qYgGu9HZ9ETN28bHNiPQ) (Prensa Latina) January 20, 2011 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26i d%3D256971%26Itemid%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiiGrVX24qYgGu9HZ9ETN28bHNiPQ)
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-13) confirmed first death from cholera in the Dominican Republic. (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://granma.co.cu/2011/01/24/interna/artic05.html&usg=ALkJrhhgHGeuV3tqqBHYiEOGR6C9Hue8YA) In Granma (Digital) January 23, 2011 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://granma.co.cu/2011/01/24/interna/artic05.html&usg=ALkJrhhgHGeuV3tqqBHYiEOGR6C9Hue8YA)
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-14) Haiti Claim review conditions of deportation from the Dominican. (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26i d%3D258623%26Itemid%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjwpWZrAinG7a9jYLrLk13QwcsEOQ) (Prensa Latina) January 26, 2011 (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26i d%3D258623%26Itemid%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjwpWZrAinG7a9jYLrLk13QwcsEOQ)
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-15) Over a hundred people treated for cholera in Venezuela (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2011/01/31/mas-de-cien-personas-reciben-tratamiento-por-colera-en-venezuela/&usg=ALkJrhg3k_CrMzJjuUL8WPP0GE03Ijdqdw) in Cubadebate, January 31, 2011
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-16) Haiti: foreign bacteria and inadequate health care system caused epidemic cholera (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.un.org/spanish/News/fullstorynews.asp%3FnewsID%3D20873%26criteria1%3Ds alud%26criteria2%3Dcolera&usg=ALkJrhh-4Fu0CeOexygCUYYAsAswyV291w) . Available News Centre UN. Accessed May 5, 2011
↑ (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhiHnBp_G4TKUwo7HswfrrIqx5jF7g#cite_ref-17) Cuba tiene un corazón inmenso, afirma Primer Ministro haitiano (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2011/02/18/cuba-tiene-un-corazon-inmenso-afirma-primer-ministro-haitiano/&usg=ALkJrhgcV2TFpxanUlsBJkJ5CyqYm8lm9w) En Cubadebate, 18 de febrero de 2011

Categorías (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Especial:Categor%25C3%25ADas&usg=ALkJrhi8Y9YQhy8_RMQE14WSudFcqhBLuQ) : Países (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Categor%25C3%25ADa:Pa%25C3%25ADses&usg=ALkJrhjzUDgOqfizyZEYj3Gpc1GLg52qYA) | Artículos de Referencia (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Categor%25C3%25ADa:Art%25C3%25ADculos_de_Referenci a&usg=ALkJrhiPVxjX0JgLQJ3vGaSFEH_kltX2Yw) | Historia de Haití (http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=es&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Categor%25C3%25ADa:Historia_de_Hait%25C3%25AD&usg=ALkJrhj4YOIlr-JfrXO7mDkvKZ-ALpqPmQ)

[RED DAVE]

There is a truly great book, The Black Jacobins, by C.L.R. James, about the Haitian revolution. Unfortunately, it's not available online, but you can get it cheap from Amazon.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins

RED DAVE

[Raubleaux]

Black Jacobins for the revolution, The Uses of Haiti for more recent stuff.

[Apoi_Viitor]

http://marxists.org/history/haiti/index.htm

[Kléber]

Black Jacobins here - http://ifile.it/gihysm/ebooksclub.org__The_Black_Jacobins__Toussaint_L__0 39_Ouverture_and_the_San_Domingo_Revolution__Secon d_Edition_Revised_.l_45x2k032oxz5xn5.pdf