Log in

View Full Version : Trotsky and the militarization of Labour.



Palingenisis
15th June 2010, 12:08
This is from an anarchist/council-communist/syndicalist persecptive but is still interesting...It illumines more clearly the figure of Trotsky and cuts through the lies of the Trotskyite school of falsification.

http://libcom.org/library/radical-tradition-one

"At any rate, in 1919, on the strength of his experience as the architect and leader of the Red Army, he attempted to instill a number of principles shared by military men of the period into the Russian economy. Only, contrary to any consistent military doctrine, Trotsky founded his assertions on Marxist ideology. He slated his principles with disarming frankness: at the height of his glory and power he had no hesitation about hammering a few Marxist 'truths' into an audience made up of union and party delegates.
The road to socialism, he declared, runs through the highest possible degree of statism. Like a lamp which bums brightest just before dying out, the State before disappearing, takes on 'the most ruthless form of government imaginable', one which embraces the lives of all its citizens.' (32)
For, in Trotsky's view, population growth was measured in terms of the productivity of man; it would have been unthinkable to construct socialism on the basis of a fall in production. Furthermore, socialist society signified for him 'the organization of workers along new lines, their adaptation to these and their re-education with a view to a constant increase in productivity'. (33)
But this type of organization presupposed forced labour; Trotsky tried to sugar the pill by assuring the worker he was labouring for the State and no longer for some individual. He brushed aside the 'Menshevik' argument that this represented a return to the serfdom of the past by stating that 'under certain conditions, slavery represented progress and led to a rise in production'. (34) And he was convinced that coercive labour in a socialist society would be more productive than the so-called free labour in the bourgeois societies.
In this respect, there can be no ambiguity: for Trotsky, socialism meant 'authoritarian leadership ... centralized distribution of the labour force ... the workers' State [considering itself] entitled to send any worker wherever his work may be needed'. (35)
No government coercion, no socialism. But what form was this coercion to take? There, the 'prophet armed', as the late Isaac Deutscher called him, made no bones about going to the heart of the matter: the militarization of labour. For, apart from the army, no other social organization has felt itself entitled to subject citizens quite so utterly, to dominate them so totally as does the proletarian government. (36) Here then was the model, lying ready for use: the army. This implies that whole regiments would be posted to this or that sector of the economy, that production would henceforth be characterized by the introduction of military-style brigades, discipline and obedience.
Once one has accepted the idea of the militarization of labour -not everyone did so at the time -- it becomes possible to look upon the entire population as a pool of manpower to be counted, mobilized and utilized. Not only does this ensure the necessary supply of labour but it also serves to eliminate the legendary 'laziness' so typical of the Russian people. For the task of social organization consists precisely of confining laziness within a definite framework, of disciplining and goading man by means and methods which he himself has contrived. (37)
Militarization, which is an 'inevitable method of organizing and disciplining manpower'' In the period of transition from capitalism to socialism, implies free use of the war department's machinery for mobilizing the work force, especially in rural areas, where the process will be carried out under the supervision of 'advanced workers'. (38)
To complete the picture, Trotsky proposed to promote the public image of the technical foreman; to introduce (or rather to reintroduce) piece-work and any other system designed to boost output. Taylor's system which, in capitalist society, contributed to the increasing exploitation of workers, did not suffer this disadvantage under socialism. The necessary counterpart of any form of rivalry between workers was to be individual management, of which Lev Davidovich was a determined advocate; he was not in the least impressed with the notion of collegiate management favoured by the trade unions. (39)
To this it should be added that non-work was forbidden in the Trotskyist system. Deserters from the work front were to be 'assembled in disciplinary battalions or else relegated to the concentration camps'. (40)
If Trotsky's proposals for the militarization of labour were not adopted by the Ninth Congress of the CPSU (29 March-April 1920) it was because the left opposition was still too strong. But on the other hand, individual management, the return of bourgeois 'experts' (spehy) to their former posts, and the relegation of the unions to a purely educational role (Trotsky had wanted to turn them into direct instruments of the State in order to increase production) were all accepted by the same congress. Trotsky's ideas were nonetheless partially implemented in the Tsektran organization (the body responsible for the running of the railways), of which he was the first director, and which he ran along strictly military lines. One need hardly add that workers' management was dealt its death blow, as was the popularity of the Red Army Chief. (41)
The winter of 1920-21 saw the last act in this unequal struggle between Party authority and workers' autonomy. Trotsky's notions of industrial management, of political democracy and of daily harassment finally bore fruit in the towns as well. He became the symbol of Bolshevik authoritarianism, as it was he who gave the most fanatical expression to these ideas. The conduct of the workers in the large towns bore witness to the fact that the proletariat did not at all see eye to eye with his definition of socialism. Not by chance was the bloodiest uprising in Soviet history suppressed by the self-same Trotsky."

32 L. Trotsky, Terrorisme et communisme (Paris, 1963; 1st edn in Russia, July 1920), p. 254. Most of the passages cited are taken from speeches made either at the Third Russian Congress of Trade Unions (April 1920) or that of the Soviets of the National Economy, or else at the Tenth Congress of the CPSU (March 1921).
33 ibid., pp. 221, 219, 217.
34 ibid., p. 217.
35 ibid., p. 215.
36 ibid., pp. 213-14.
37 ibid., pp. 203, 205.
38 ibid., p. 229.
39 Cited by Brinton, op. cit.. p. 61.
40 Cited ibid., p. 61.
41 ibid., p. 67.

S.Artesian
15th June 2010, 12:49
This is hilarious and pathetic: Stalin supporters citing libertarian communists against Trotsky, for the purpose of gaining "insight" into Trotsky's personality-- as if the issues in the fSU from 1921 are issues of personality.

I have an idea, comrade. Why not contact libcom and ask them to give you their take on Stalin? Maybe that will help you understand Stalin's personality and the Stalinite school of falsification. Probably not.

Or... why just Trotsky, since the article itself is an indictment of the Bolsheviks as a party, indeed of the soviets of 1917 as a bureaucratic creation, and of the October revolution itself?

To the issue at hand: I don't know what "Trotskyite school of falsification" you are referring to, but the Trotskyists I've met and worked with pretty much admit, and without much equivocation, that Trotsky was wrong, stone cold wrong, in his views and efforts on the militarization of labor.

But here's something else you need to know-- Lenin shared and supported those views, although he, Lenin, remained in the background on these debates, letting Trotsky take the lead. Lenin endorsed the concrete proposals of Trotsky's through the war communism period of the civil war and beyond.

See Richard B. Day's Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation. Day is meticulous in his documentation of these issues.

Zoster
15th June 2010, 16:22
Lenin did not support this shit.

THE TRADE UNIONS, THE PRESENT SITUATION AND TROTSKY'S MISTAKES - read this

ONCE AGAIN ON THE TRADE UNIONS, THE CURRENT SITUATION AND THE MISTAKES OF TROTSKY AND BUHKARIN - and this

S.Artesian
15th June 2010, 21:57
Lenin did not support this shit.

THE TRADE UNIONS, THE PRESENT SITUATION AND TROTSKY'S MISTAKES - read this

ONCE AGAIN ON THE TRADE UNIONS, THE CURRENT SITUATION AND THE MISTAKES OF TROTSKY AND BUHKARIN - and this

That address by Lenin was made in December of 1920. The policies for the militarization of labor precedes that, beginning in 1918 and continuing to 1921.


However, prior to that, Lenin had been Trotsky's stalwart supporter in the attempts to impose military discipline on the labor force and on production.

In late 1918, with the advocacy and agreement of Lenin, the government declared technical personnel mobilized and subject to work as directed by government and the representatives of the Sovnarkom.

In the same year, with the advocacy and agreement by Lenin, labor was made compulsory for all those between the ages of 16 and 50 years.

In January 1919, with the advocacy and agreement of Lenin, agricultural workers, railway employees, and water transport employees were declared mobilized and subject to compulsory labor at the order of the government representatives.

In November 1919, with the advocacy and agreement of Lenin, the government declared the peasantry subject to compulsory labor above and beyond its agricultural responsibilities.

A year after the first attempt to mobilize the railway and transport workers, a second decree was issued. The unions would not cooperated. "Since the Council of People's Commissars had already stated that the Commissar of Transport should exercise 'dictatorial powers', Lenin judged that Trotsky was suited for the office. In March 1920 he [Lenin] requested the War Commissar [Trotsky] to put the industry in order." Richard B. Day Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation-- p.35

In early 1920 Lenin himself produced a statement published in Pravda expounding on the importance of the labor "reforms" that authorized penal labor units and revolutionary tribunals for "labor deserters."

In middle-late 1920 Lenin begins to alter his position. In face of determined resistance by the trade unions, and the apparent relaxation of the West's economic blockade, Lenin offers concessions in anticipation of the November 1920 national trade union conference. Trotsky offered no concessions and instead proposed, at a meeting of the central committee on 9 November rival theses "on the way forward" to those of Lenin, which certainly pissed off Lenin, not the least because now with Lenin and Trotsky with opposing theses, there was no way to keep the dispute from reaching down throughout the rank and file of, and outside, the party and becoming public.

Lenin's caution and political sensitivity certainly served him and the Bolsheviks well. However, that doesn't change the facts of his previous support for the mobilization of labor; for his endorsement for the application of military discipline to the working class.

Trotsky was absolutely wrong in his attempts to expand what was a limited, and destructive, necessity-- mobilization of the productive capacity of society in an "order of battle" to combat counterrevolution-- to an organizing principle for all of society under all circumstances.

In the party debates and particular in his disagreement with Lenin, Trotsky acted, IMO, like a jerk; publishing rival theses, and when selected by the CC to serve on a trade union commission to study and develop the problem, and methods for executing Lenin's theses that had been adopted, refusing to serve on the commission. That's being a jerk. No doubt about it.

But you know what else? None of that has anything to do with what took place regarding subsequent economic and historical events, other than the resentment Trotsky had engendered among the trade union leaders, those "economists" who thought the West couldn't get along without the Soviet Union and would quickly end the blockade and beg for the opportunity to purchase Soviet grain, cotton, oil, gold, coal etc.

And none of that has anything to do with the course of international revolution in China, Spain, Germany, France.

soyonstout
16th June 2010, 04:51
Lenin shared and supported those views, although he, Lenin, remained in the background on these debates, letting Trotsky take the lead. Lenin endorsed the concrete proposals of Trotsky's through the war communism period of the civil war and beyond.

See Richard B. Day's Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation. Day is meticulous in his documentation of these issues.

I thought that one place where Lenin disagreed with Trotsky on this was the question of the independence of the unions. Trotsky was saying that in the proletarian state the workers have nothing to fear from the state and the unions should just be pure and simple organs of labor discipline, whereas Lenin said that the unions needed to remain independent from the state to protect the workers' interests ( "our present State is such that the whole organized proletariat must defend itself against it. We must use these workers' organizations for defending the workers against their state". (don't have the source, sorry)). I don't have the quotes and I think I read this mostly in the ICC's "Russian Communist Left" and an article they wrote about reovlutionaries' relationship to unions in the period of decadence (or imperialist decay to use trotsky's language).

http://en.internationalism.org/node/2944 (http://en.internationalism.org/node/2944)

-soyons tout

S.Artesian
16th June 2010, 04:58
Yes, that was a point of disagreement which Lenin expressed in late 1920.

Zoster
16th June 2010, 22:43
S. Artesian is confusing the positions held by Lenin during the period of War Communism and the policies advocated by Lenin after the war was over. To quote the History of the CPSU:


The Central Committee of the Party, its Leninist majority, saw clearly that now that the war was over and the country had turned to peaceful economic development, there was no longer any reason for maintaining the rigid regime of War Communism -- the product of war and blockade.

The Central Committee realized that the need for the surplus-appropriation system had passed, that it was time to supersede it by a tax in kind so as to enable the peasants to use the greater part of their surpluses at their own discretion. The Central Committee realized that this measure would make it possible to revive agriculture, to extend the cultivation of grain and industrial crops required for the development of industry, to revive the circulation of commodities, to improve supplies to the towns, and to create a new foundation, an economic foundation for the alliance of workers and peasants.


The Central Committee realized also that the prime task was to revive industry, but considered that this could not be done without enlisting the support of the working class and its trade unions; it considered that the workers could be enlisted in this work by showing them that the economic disruption was just as dangerous an enemy of the people as the intervention and the blockade had been, and that the Party and the trade unions could certainly succeed in this work if they exercised their influence on the working class not by military commands, as had been the case at the front, where commands were really essential, but by methods of persuasion, by convincing it.



But not all members of the Party were of the same mind as the Central Committee. The small opposition groups -- the Trotskyites, "Workers' Opposition," "Left Communists," "Democratic-Centralists," etc. -- wavered and vacillated in face of the difficulties attending the transition to peaceful economic construction. There were in the Party quite a number of ex-members of the Menshevik, Socialist-Revolutionary, Bund and Borotbist parties, and all kinds of semi-nationalists from the border regions of Russia. Most of them allied themselves with one opposition group or another. These people were not real Marxists, they were ignorant of the laws of economic development, and had not had a Leninist-Party schooling, and they only helped to aggravate the confusion and vacillations of the opposition groups. Some of them thought that it would be wrong to relax the rigid regime of War Communism, that, on the contrary, "the screws must be tightened." Others thought that the Party and the state should stand aside from the economic restoration, and that it should be left entirely in the hands of the trade unions.


It was clear that with such confusion reigning among certain groups in the Party, lovers of controversy, opposition "leaders" of one kind or another were bound to try to force a discussion upon the Party.



And that is just what happened

S.Artesian
16th June 2010, 23:35
S. Artesian is confusing the positions held by Lenin during the period of War Communism and the policies advocated by Lenin after the war was over. To quote the History of the CPSU:


No, I'm not confusing the issues or the dates. The article cited in the OP begins with 1919; the issue of the militarization of the labor, and the role of the trade unions is an issue in 1918, 1919, 1920, and 1921. The article cited in the OP takes us into the 1920-1921 period and the 9th Congress of March 1920. Lenin changes his position in late 1920, Trotsky does not.

As for quoting the official history of the CPSU-- that is hardly an objective source of undistorted information. The article itself conflates the period between the 9th and 10th Party congresses with the NEP, which was introduced after the 10th Party Congress.


Prior to the 9th Congress, Trotsky's theses on the mobilizaton of labor, the application of "raw labour power," and military discipline were the policies of the Bolshevik Party-- the CC adopted Trotsky's analysis of the problems and solutions to the problems of the economy on 22 January 1920. Lenin did not demur.

After the 9th Congress, [where Trotsky's theses were more or less repudiated], the prime mover for a reorientation of the economy was not the supposed need to "reconcile" the proletariat-- rather the party was reacting to the ill-found hope that the Western blockade would end, and that the bourgeoisie would be eager to resume trade and even investment in Russia.

As for "reviving industry," the plans of the 9th party Congress did not systematically address the problems of reviving industry; and what little plans were offered were failures.

The division between Lenin and Trotsky, when Lenin changed his views took place after the 9th Party Congress and before the 10th, when unfortunately, despite all the "anti-militarization" talk, all the "easing" the Party excused itself from the repercussions of Kronstadt by charging Trotsky with the responsibility for suppressing the rebellion.

And what happened after Kronstadt? Besides the NEP? Tsektran, the hated [by the union officials] Tsektran... Trotsky's Central Committee of Rail and Water Workers, designed to bypass the unions and ensure the "supremacy" of the cadres of "shock workers" [as in the military] was restored, and by October 1921 the political departments established over production units were also restored. And the unions? "The trade unions were brought under control by means of administrative appointments, and the Workers' Opposition were dispersed and rendered politically harmless through transfers." Day, Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation, p. 43.


The "official" histories are as accurate and objective on this part of Soviet history as they are on everything else, which is to say not accurate, not objective... but very official.

Dave B
17th June 2010, 19:04
Perhaps some background factual information may be of use.


On trotsky on trade unions and ‘The Militarisation Of Labour’; the following article may be of interest, including some sample extracts;


The Labour Armies About the Organisation of Labour

A report


Without labour service, without the power to give orders and demand that they be carried out, the trade unions will be transformed into a mere form without content, for the socialist state which is being built needs trade unions not for a struggle for better conditions of labour – that is a task for the social and state organisation as a whole – but in order to organise the working class for production purposes, to educate, discipline, distribute, group and attach certain categories of workers and individual workers to their posts for certain periods of time: in short, to exercise their authority, hand in hand with the state, to bring the workers into the framework of a single economic plan.


In these circumstances, to defend ‘freedom’ of labour means to defend fruitless, helpless, absolutely unregulated striving for better conditions, unsystematic and chaotic movements from factory to factory, in a hungry country, under conditions of frightful disorganisation, of the transport and food apparatus.




Finally, the bourgeoisie learned how to take control even of trade unionism, that is, of the organisations of the working class itself, and made extensive use of them, especially in Britain, to discipline the workers. It domesticated the leaders and by means of them inculcated in the workers a conviction that peaceful, organic labour was a necessity, with a faultless attitude to their duties and strict obedience to the laws of the bourgeois state. The crown of all this work was Taylorism, in which elements of scientific organisation of the production process are combined with the most concentrated methods of the sweating system.




Under capitalism, piece-work and lumpwork, the application of the Taylor system, and so on, had as their object to increase the exploitation of the workers by squeezing out surplus value. Under socialised production, piece-wages, bonuses, and so on, serve the purpose of increasing the volume of the social product, and, consequently, raising the general level of prosperity. Those workers who do more for the common interest receive the right to a larger share of the social product than the lazy, the careless and the disorganisers.




http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1920/military/ch17.htm (http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1920/military/ch17.htm)

And;


The Labour Armies

On Mobilising the Industrial Proletariat, on Labour Service, on Militarising the Economy, and on the Utilisation of Army Units for Economic Needs

Theses of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party


http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1920/military/ch06.htm (http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1920/military/ch06.htm)

on the "quote" gven in post 5,.




……our present State is such that the whole organized proletariat must defend itself…….

there is perhaps something like it below;

V. I. Lenin Role and Functions of the Trade Unions

Under The New Economic Policy

Decision Of The C.C., R.C.P.(B.), January 12, 1922




3. The State Enterprises That Are Being Put On A Profit Basis And The Trade Unions



The transfer of state enterprises to the so-called profit basis is inevitably and inseparably connected with the New Economic Policy; in the near future this is bound to become the predominant, if not the sole, form of state enterprise. In actual fact, this means that with the free market now permitted and developing the state enterprises will to a large extent be put on a commercial basis. In view of the urgent need to increase the productivity of labour and make every state enterprise pay its way and show a profit, and in view of the inevitable rise of narrow departmental interests and excessive departmental zeal, this circumstance is bound; to create a certain conflict of interests in matters concerning labour conditions between the masses of workers and the directors and managers of the state enterprises, or the government departments in charge of them. Therefore, as regards the socialised enterprises, it is undoubtedly the duty of the trade unions to protect the interests of the working people, to facilitate as far as possible the improvement of their standard of living, and constantly to correct the blunders and excesses of business organisations resulting from bureaucratic distortions of the state apparatus.


http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/dec/30.htm (http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/dec/30.htm)


.

S.Artesian
17th June 2010, 20:20
As has already been pointed out Lenin changes his position in late 1920.